I       'V      . 

; 

"•       ;' 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


m. 


«:» 

,•" 


PRESS    NOTICES    OF    THE    FIRST    EDITION    OF 
NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


"  It  may  be  said  of  this  book  that  it  is  one  of  the  best  on  this  subject 
that  has  lately  appeared.  From  every  point  of  view  it  is  a  boon  to 
phonograph ers." — The  School  Journal,  New  York. 

"  This  book  shows  the  author  has  discovered  a  very  ingenious 
method  of  combining  the  various  vowel  and  consonant  systems  now  in 
use,  and  making  a  system  of  most  perfect  legibility  in  its  simplest  form." 
— San  Francisco  Bulletin. 

"  All  who  have  an  interest  in  this  science  should  get  this  book.  It 
is  replete  with  useful  devices  in  the  art." — New  England  Journal  of 
Education. 

"  Will  commend  itself  to  such  writers  as  feel  the  need  of  a  con- 
nected vowel  system." — S.  S.  MYERS,  Phonographic  World,  New  York. 

"  This  treatise  on  short-hand  writing  indicates  a  positive  improve- 
ment in  the  systems  of  short-hand  writing  founded  on  the  original 
Pitman  basis.  The  book  is  one  of  the  many  which  are  being  constantly 
made  which  really  seems  worth  investigation/' — Philadelphia  Evening 
Telegraph. 

The  author  will  always  be  glad  to  answer  any  questions  regarding 
this  system.  Address 

W.  H.  BARLOW, 

Box  68,  Charlottesville,  Albemarle  Co.,  Va. 


NORMAL 

PHONOGKAPHY 

ADAPTED  TO  ALL  STYLES  OF  REPORTING. 


BEING   A    FURTHER 

DEVELOPMENT   OF   THE    PRINCIPLES   OF    PHONOGRAPHY, 
BY    MEANS   OF   WHICH    IS   SECURED   A 


GREATER  VARIATION  OF  OUTLINE,  GIVING  EQUAL  BREVITY  WITH  GREATLY 
INCREASED  LEGIBILITY. 


BY 

W.    H.    BARLOW. 

SECOND    EDITION, 

THOROUGHLY    REVISED    AND     IMPROVED. 


"  Legant  prius  et  postea  despiciant." 


PHILADELPHIA: 
J.    B.    LIPPINCOTT    COMPANY. 

1  889. 


Copyright,  1885  and  1888,  by  W.  H.  BARLOW. 


B 

/&>£•? 


INTRODUCTION  TO  SECOND  EDITION. 


THE  first  edition  of  Normal  Phonography  was  59  kindly  mentioned 
by  several  leading  educational  journals  that  I  have  been  emboldened 
to  labor  further  on  the  same  lines. 

The  phonographic  critics  allowed  the  great  legibility  of  the  system, 
but  pointed  out  that  this  was  attained  at  the  expense  of  brevity.  I  was 
bound  to  acknowledge  the  justice  of  this  criticism,  and,  after  having 
spent  the  last  two  years  in  the  endeavor  to  remove  this  defect,  I  now 
confidently  offer  this  edition  to  the  public  as  the  result  of  my  labors, 
and  venture  to  claim  that  it  contains  not  only  the  solution,  but  the 
only  practical  solution  of  the  problem  which  now  occupies  and  has 
for  so  long  occupied  the  attention  of  the  stenographic  world  both  in 
America  and  in  England, — namely,  "  How  to  secure  an  adequate  vowel 
representation  without  the  loss  of  brevity." 

The  great  improvements  which  I  now  introduce  with  this  edition 
have  rendered  the  system  as  now  presented  amply  sufficient  for  all 
reporting  purposes.  It  can  now  be  written  as  briefly  as  any  existing 
phonography ;  it  is  far  more  easy  of  acquisition  than  any  of  them. 
And  in  the  attainment  of  these  ends  its  legibility,  in  which  it  confessedly 
stands  at  the  head  of  any  other  system,  has  not  been  sacrificed. 

I  do  not  much  believe  that  any  style  of  phonography  can  be  thor- 
oughly acquired  by  text-books  alone,  without  the  aid  of  competent 
teachers;  and  any  teacher  who  may  get  this  book  will  easily  be  able 
to  seize  the  scope  and  meaning  of  it  without  further  explanation.  But 
to  novices  in  phonography  it  is  necessary  to  explain  that  the  stroke 
vowels  given  in  the  alphabet  are  NOT  to  be  inserted  promiscuously  in 
the  consonant  outline.  Such  a  course  would  make  a  phonetic  writing 
of  a  certain  kind,  but  it  could  never  be  called  a  practical  phonography. 

Indeed,  for  this  reason,  all  attempts  at  connective  vowel  systems 
i* 


449554 


INTRODUCTION. 


which  shall  undertake  to  insert  every  sounding  vowel  in  a  consonant 
outline,  and  yet  be  brief  enough  for  the  reporting  of  the  present  day, 
are  something  like  those  for  the  discovery  of  perpetual  motion,  or  the 
search  of  the  ancient  alchemists  after  the  philosopher's  stone  or  the 
elixir  of  life,  in  this,  that  the  main  premises  being  in  themselves  con- 
tradictory the  achievement  on  these  lines  was  impossible.  In  short, 
they  have  been  attempts  to  reconcile  length  with  brevity. 

The  essence  of  all  phonography  is  OUTLINE,  and  more  particularly 
CONSONANT  OUTLINE.  Therefore  the  only  legitimate  use  of  the  vowel 
strokes  in  this  system  is  to  give  an  increased  variety  of  outline  for  those 
words  in  which  the  consonant  outline  alone  is  not  the  best  or  the  briefest. 

Context  is,  of  course,  common  to  all  systems  of  short-hand ;  but, 
setting  this  aside,  there  are  in  the  reporting  phonographies  at  present 
in  use  two  means  of  verbal  identification  :  one  is  outline  and  the  other 
is  the  position  of  said  outline  with  respect  to  the  line  of  writing. 

Now,  since  the  essence  of  phonography  is  outline,  if,  therefore,  we 
can  supply  greater  variations  in  outline,  we  can  render  the  excessive 
observation  of  vowel  position  superfluous  and  we  can  reduce  it  to  a 
minimum,  so  much  so  that  for  the  very  exceptional  use  of  position 
required  in  this  system  a  ruled  line,  though,  perhaps,  a  convenience,  is 
by  no  means  a  necessity. 

And  from  experiments  which  I  have  made  I  am  satisfied  that  this 
reduction  of  position  to  a  minimum  is  a  great  desideratum,  for,  in 
addition  to  length  of  outlines,  the  distance  travelled  by  the  point  of  the 
pen  in  passing  from  one  outline  to  another  is  an  item  that,  however 
small  it  may  appear,  still  must  be  deducted  from  speed  of  writing,  for, 
whether  a  mark  be  made  on  the  paper  or  not,  some  portion  of  time 
must  be  consumed  in  getting  from  one  outline  to  the  next,  and  hence 
the  advantage  of  phraseography. 

Whoever  wishes  to  test  this  effect  of  positional  writing  should  write 
the  same  matter  in  two  lines  of  phonography,  one  above  the  other,  and 
so  that  the  same  word  in  the  bottom  line  always  stands  directly  under 
the  same  word  in  the  top  line,  the  one  line  being  written  with  position 
and  the  other  without ;  and  let  him  afterwards  make  a  dotted  line  of 
the  path  of  the  pen  point,  from  the  bottom  of  one  outline  to  the  top 
of  the  next,  right  through  to  the  end  of  the  line  of  writing  in  each 
case;  then  let  him  make  this  dotted  line  in  each  case  thick  and  black, 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  he  will  see  how  much  more  zigzag  and,  consequently,  longer  this 
line  is  where  position  is  much  used  than  in  the  other  case. 

The  defect  in  outline  in  the  present  phonographies  is  thus  in  this 
system  supplied  by  a  judicious  and  discriminate  use  of  the  vowel  strokes, 
which  introduce  a  new  and  varied  collection  of  forms  into  the  phono- 
graphic field,  thus,  of  course,  as  before  said,  greatly  promoting  legibility 
without  the  sacrifice  of  brevity. 

Hence,  by  the  exercise  of  judgment  and  discrimination,  and  making 
due  allowance  for  the  slight  alphabetic  differences,  any  phonographic 
teacher  desiring  to  use  this  system  can  still  utilize  his  present  text-books 
and  dictionaries  to  aid  in  the  formation  of  outline,  and  all  the  present 
principles  of  contraction  and  phraseography  will  be  applied  precisely 
in  the  same  manner  in  this  system  as  in  any  other  Piimanic  style.  And 
on  examination  of  the  principles  contained  in  this  book  he  will  easily 
see  that  all  that  a  system  which  combines  such  a  wealth  and  simplicity 
of  outline  needs  to  become  popular  is  a  more  extensive  development 
of  outline  for  the  various  words  in  the  language,  such  as  every  other 
phonography  now  in  use  has  already  received,  and,  therefore,  that  the 
proper  use  of  this  book  is  to  indicate  the  main  lines  upon  which  such 
a  development  must  proceed. 

And  here  I  would  briefly  refer  to  another  matter.  There  are  those 
who  speak  with  contempt  of  what  they  are  pleased  to  call  "  one-book 
systems."  Are  such  persons  prepared  to  assert  that  phonography  has 
attained  all  the  perfection  of  which  it  is  capable?  If  the  present  pho- 
nographies are  so  completely  adequate  to  all  practical  needs,  then  what 
is  the  meaning  of  these  attempts  to  devise  new  systems  involving 
increased  vowel  representation  both  in  the  Old  World  and  the  New  ? 
Nor  will  it  do  to  say  that  these  are  made  by  theorists  and  visionaries. 
On  the  contrary,  many  of  them  are  made  by  professional  and  practical 
stenographers,  and  the  greater  number  by  Pitmanic  phonographers  of 
various  styles,  who  practically  know  and  feel  the  unsatisfactory  condi- 
tion of  vowel  indication  in  their  present  systems. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  the  present  phonographies  are  not  perfect, 
how  are  improvements  to  be  brought  before  the  public  except  through 
the  medium  of  one  book  to  commence  with?  Such  persons  need  not 
be  afraid,  for  they  mny  depend  upon  it  that  if  a  first  book  finds  favor 
in  phonographic  circles,  others  will  not  be  slow  to  follow  it.  It  is  a 


INTRODUCTION. 


new  thing  in  these  United  States  and  in  this  age  to  hear  a  complaint 
of  a  paucity  of  books.  Unprejudiced  observers  would  be  apt  to  think 
the  cause  for  complaint  lay  in  the  opposite  direction. 

And  it  matters  nothing  to  the  argument  that  the  prevalent  systems 
of  phonography  do  turn  out  numbers  of  competent  phonographers. 
Paganini,  we  are  told,  could  play  the  violin  exquisitely  on  one  string, 
yet  even  he  could  perform  better  with  four  strings.  For  however  much 
justice  a  teacher  can  do  to  a  number  of  his  pupils  with  the  present  sys- 
tems, if  he  finds  that  he  can  do  more  justice  and  to  a  greater  number 
by  the  adoption  of  another  system  of  phonography,  then  he  will  adopt 
it,  and  I  assert  that  this  system  will  achieve  this  result,  not  only  as 
regards  the  number  of  successful  pupils,  but  also  as  regards  the  time 
of  acquisition  of  reporting  facilities,  and  I  am  sure  that  any  teacher 
who  will  fairly  test  this  system  will  find  this  to  be  the  case.  It  is  true 
that  phonographers  are  slow  to  adopt  innovations.  But  innovation  is 
one  thing  and  improvement  is  another,  and,  as  every  one  knows,  those 
whose  business  it  is  to  teach  phonography  are  always  alive  to  every- 
thing in  the  nature  of  real  solid  advance  and  improvement  in  the  art. 

I  will  now  mention  the  most  prominent  improvements  which  are 
introduced  in  the  present  edition,  and  it  is  to  be  noted  that  these  are 
all  in  the  direction  of  the  original  conception  — namely,  the  increased 
employment  of  the  horizontal  stroke. 

The  first  to  be  named  is  the  adoption  of  the  same  horizontal  stroke, 
thin  for  the  vowel  E  and  the  consonant  K,  and  thick  for  the  vowel  A 
and  the  consonant  G,  while  at  the  same  time  the  back  slanting  stroke 
is  retained  for  K  and  G,  being  useful  in  other  respects. 

All  will  admit  that  if  the  same  stroke  can  be  used  for  two  different 
purposes  it  is  a  great  gain.  Some  might  think  it  would  lead  to  con- 
fusion in  the  writing.  Experience,  however,  amply  proves  that  treated 
in  the  manner  in  which  they  are  in  this  system,  that  it  leads  to  no  con- 
fusion at  all ;  there  is  all  gain  and  no  loss.  As  any  one  applying  him- 
self to  this  book  will  realize  this  shortly,  there  is  no  occasion  for  further 
comment  on  it. 

This  retention  of  the  back  slanting  stroke  for  K  and  G,  in  addition 
to  the  continued  employment  of  the  horizontal  stroke  for  these  letters, 
necessitates  the  use  of  the  vertical  curve,  convex  to  the  right  for  CH 
and  J ;  and  it  may  be  observed  that  this  stroke  for  these  letters  is  more 


B.  0.  BAK 

r 

INTRODUCTION.  9 


in  accordance  with  correct  phonetic  theory  than  the  back  stroke,  which 
is  used  for  them  in  the  present  alphabets,  for,  although  the  sound  of 
CH  is  compounded  of  T  and  SH,  and  J  of  D  and  ZH,  still  the  main 
element  in  their  sound  is  soft, — and  a  soft  sound  should  have  a  curved 
stroke, — they  are  more  of  continuants  than  they  are  of  explodents. 
Again,  if  the  signs  in  the  present  alphabets  for  T  and  downward  SH 
be  connectedly  and  rapidly  written,  it  will  be  seen  that  this  combination 
resolves  itself  practically  into  the  vertical  curve  for  CH  and  J,  which 
is  given  in  the  alphabet  of  this  system. 

But,  after  all,  with  regard  to  any  phonographic  device,  the  great 
question  is,  Is  it  efficient  ?  Many  phonetic  inquirers,  after  having 
made  a  correct  analysis  of  sounds,  make  an  effort  at  what  they  are 
pleased  to  call  a  correct  phonetic  representation  of  every  sound,  but 
when  they  come  to  practical  reporting  all  this  theory  is  suddenly 
dropped,  and  practical  efficiency  is  alone  considered.  I  would  like  to 
ask  some  of  these  theorists  what  possible  phonetic  explanation  they 
can  give  for  using  a  thickened  curved  R  stroke  to  represent  W,  and  a 
thickened  M  stroke  to  represent  H,  as  many  of  them  do  ?  The  only 
answer  is  that  practical  reporting  efficiency  justifies  them,  and  this  is 
all  that  can  be  said  about  it. 

In  this  system  there  is  thus  no  stroke  wasted,  for  as  the  E  and  A 
strokes  represent  upon  occasion  K  and  G,  so  does  the  AH  vowel  stroke 
represent  R,  and  the  U  hooked  vowel  stroke  sometimes  represent  Y, 
and,  as  I  say,  experience  amply  demonstrates  that  not  the  slightest 
confusion  arises  in  reading  from  these  uses. 

The  old  Isaac  Pitman  W  and  Y  are  retained  as  having  individual 
outlines,  but  they  are  mostly  only  used  for  short  outlines  when  they 
stand  alone;  in  all  other  cases  the  diminutive  half-circles  for  these 
consonants  are  used. 

Still,  although  I  have  retained  these  as  being,  in  my  judgment,  more 
definite  and  legible,  I  know  of  no  reason  why  those  who  have  been 
accustomed  to  use  the  thick  downward  R  to  represent  W  should  not 
do  so  in  this  system,  while  still  retaining  the  use  of  it  for  the  vowel  AW. 
If  this  were  done  we  should  have  a  consonant  use  and  a  vowel  use  for 
the  same  stroke  in  the  following  pairs  : 

Consonants         K,         G,         R,  W,  Y, 

Vowels  E,         A,         AH,         AW,          U, 


10  INTRODUCTION. 


for  I  believe  that  the  simplification  of  short-hand  arises  from  a  proper 
understanding  of  the  natural  concatenation  of  language  which  enables 
the  same  simple  stroke  to  be  used  for  different  purposes  without  any 
confusion  arising  therefrom  in  reading. 

The  next  improvement  is  the  double-lengthening  of  the  horizontal 
vowel  stroke,  to  add  K  or  G  to  the  vowel.  This  is  useful  in  words 
terminating  with  K  or  G  to  indicate  the  exact  vowel  without  any  addi- 
tional inflection  in  the  outline.  It  is  also  useful  in  phraseography. 

The  next  is  the  L  series  of  enlarged  hooks  in  the  horizontal  vowels. 
These  will  be  seen  to  give  important  and  valuable  varieties  in  outline, 
and  are  also  found  useful  in  phraseography.  They  are  further  useful 
in  words  ending  in  L  to  indicate  the  exact  vowel  in  such  words.  They 
are  also  introduced  medially  into  some  outlines  with  advantage. 

The  adoption  of  the  thick  down  stroke  for  H  is  also  a  great  im- 
provement. 

The  vowel  prefixes  are  also  a  useful  feature. 

And  last,  but  not  least,  the  new  mode  of  indicating  an  initial  vowel 
in  a  consonant  outline  by  proximity  to  the  preceding  word.  This  is  an 
entirely  new  feature  in  phonography,  but  one  which  cannot  be  easily 
applied  to  other  phonographies  on  account  of  the  continuous  use  of 
position.  In  this  system,  as  vowel  position  is  reduced  to  a  minimum, 
it  is  found  to  be  exceedingly  useful. 

W.  H.  BARLOW. 


NOTICE. 


IN  consequence  of  the  novelty  of  the  principles  expounded  in  this 
edition  the  student  is  requested,  before  commencing  to  practise  writing, 
to  read  over  this  whole  treatise  once  or  twice,  as  by  so  doing  he  will 
fix  the  logical  development  of  the  system  in  his  mind,  and  thus  render 
his  future  labors  more  easy  and  intelligible.  An  orderly  progression 
has  been  aimed  at  in  this  work,  but  occasionally  it  happens  that  a  prior 
plate  contains  one  or  two  outlines  involving  principles  which  are  only 
explained  in  a  subsequent  one,  and  by  adopting  the  course  recom- 
mended above  he  will  be  free  from  any  embarrassment  from  this  cause. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 


THE  ALPHABET  (PLATE  I.). 

PHONOGRAPHY  is  a  system  of  writing  in  which  all  words  are  written 
phonetically,  or  as  they  are  pronounced  instead  of  as  they  are  spelt. 

The  Normal  Phonographic  Alphabet  consists  of  the  consonant  and 
vowel  signs  shown  in  Plate  I. 

The  thin  strokes  represent  the  vocal  consonants  and  thick  ones  the 
sub-vocal  ones.  Most  of  the  examples  in  this  book  are  given  in  the 
thin  strokes,  but  the  student  is  to  take  notice  that  the  same  principles 
are  equally  applicable  to  the  thick  stroke  letters. 

All  the  vertical  and  diagonal  strokes,  except  the  straight  stroke  for 
R,  are  written  downward.  The  straight  stroke  consonant  R  is  written 
upward.  H  is,  of  course,  written  downward.  All  the  horizontal  strokes 
are  written  from  left  to  right. 

The  vowel  AH  is,  of  course,  written  downward.  When  L  is  written 
by  itself  it  is  written  upward,  and  SH  by  itself  is  written  downward. 
When  the  same  letter  occurs  twice  it  is  written  twice  over,  and  not 
twice  the  size.  (Plate  II. ,  line  9.) 

Sometimes  a  following  stroke  may  be  joined  to  a  preceding  one, 
either  upward  or  downward,  as  most  convenient,  and  this  particularly 
as  regards  L  and  SH.  (See  instance  Plate  //.,  lines  i  and  2.) 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  letters  K  and  G  have  two  forms,  one  of 
which  is  the  horizontal  stroke,  which  is  also  used  for  the  vowels  E  and 
A,  and  the  other  form  for  K  and  G  is  the  back  slanting  diagonal  stroke. 

This  use  of  the  same  horizontal  stroke,  which  sometimes  denotes  a 
vowel  and  sometimes  a  consonant,  will  be  found  to  be  perfectly  com- 
patible with  the  strictest  legibility,  surprising  as  this  may  at  first  appear. 
And  the  reason  for  this  is  not  far  to  seek,  for  the  outline  of  the  words 
in  which  the  horizontal  vowel  stroke  is  necessary  is  so  entirely  different 

12 


THE  ALPHABET   (PLATE   I.)- 

CONSONANTS. 
VOCAL.  SUB-VOCAL. 


\        P.  \ 

|T.  | 

or    /     K'  _    or    / 


B. 

D. 

G. 


(         TH.  (  TH. 

J        SH.  ZH. 


0s-  ~0~ 


M.  W  N.  W  NG. 

(~  L.  ~^  or  x^^  R- 

C/    or   c    or   o  W,      ^>  or  c  -  or  u  or  n  Y,  j      or  .  or    \  H. 


VOWELS. 
E,  or  general  vowel. 

I.  '  -     01. 

O.i  U. 


O.i  U.\ 

oo.i          t  -  ow.  r  '  -  ow- 


^    AH.  -^    AW. 

U  or     n  EW. 


13 


14  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 

from  those  outlines  in  which  the  horizontal  K  and  G  is  constantly  used 
that  no  mistake  can  ever  arise,  and,  even  supposing  a  case  of  doubt  to 
exist,  then  the  context  infallibly  decides  the  matter. 

There  is  only  one  main  general  rule  to  be  observed, — 

Whenever  a  K  or  G  stroke,  with  or  without  hooks  attached  to  it, 
stands  alone,  then  the  slanting  stroke  must  be  used,  for  whenever  a  hori- 
zontal stroke,  with  or  without  hooks,  stands  alone,  it  will  be  always  read 
as  a  vowel  stroke. 

And,  subject  to  the  above  rule,  wherever  there  is  more  than  one 
stroke  in  an  outline,  that  form  of  K  and  G  must  be  used  which  is  found 
most  convenient,  and  this  will  generally  be  the  horizontal  form,  and 
the  writer  will  find,  after  a  little  practice,  that  there  can  be  no  mistake 
in  the  matter. 

But,  as  the  principle  of  employing  the  same  horizontal  stroke  to 
represent  both  a  vowel  and  a  consonant  is  a  novel  one  in  phonography, 
a  few  further  observations  for  the  guidance  of  the  student  may  be 
deemed  advisable. 

When  a  horizontal  stroke,  either  with  or  without  hooks,  begins  a 
word  it  may  sometimes  be  a  vowel,  but  it  is  more  often  K  or  G,  because 
an  initial  vowel  in  this  system  is  in  most  cases  indicated  by  writing  the 
word  which  contains  it  close  to  the  preceding  one. 

When  a  horizontal  stroke,  with  or  without  hooks,  is  half-shortened 
at  the  commencement  of  a  word,  it  is  mostly  the  vowel  stroke,  as  by 
this  use  of  the  vowel  stroke  the  consonant  stroke  for  T  or  D  is  saved ; 
and,  generally,  when  K  or  G  requires  to  be  half-shortened  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a  word,  the  slanting  form  must  be  used. 

When  a  horizontal  stroke,  with  or  without  hooks,  occurs  in  the 
middle  of  an  outline  it  is  nearly  always  K  or  G.  But  when  a  horizontal 
stroke,  with  or  without  hooks,  is  half-shortened  in  the  middle  of  an 
outline,  it  is  then  most  usually  the  vowel  stroke,  for  by  this  means  a 
vowel  is  often  expressed  and  the  consonant  stroke  for  T  or  D  is  saved. 

When  a  horizontal  stroke,  with  or  without  hooks,  occurs  at  the  end 
of  a  word,  it  is  more  often  the  vowel  stroke,  but  it  may  be  read  either 
as  a  vowel  or  as  the  consonant  K  or  G,  as  the  sense  of  the  word 
requires,  and  it  will  be  found,  as  before  said,  that  no  mistake  or  con- 
fusion from  this  source  ever  arises.  (Plate  III.,  lines  21,  22,  and  2j, 
shows  a  few  instances  of  these  cases.) 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  1 5 

The  vowel  AH  stroke  also  represents  the  consonant  R  when  con- 
venient. 

The  vowel  U  stroke  also  represents  Y  when  convenient. 

The  alphabetic  hooked  strokes  for  \V  and  Y  are  mostly  only  used 
for  those  words  of  one  consonant  which  require  these  letters.  In  com- 
bination with  other  consonants,  the  small  semicircles  for  W  and  Y  are 
always  used  in  preference. 

The  consonant  Z  seldom  requires  to  be  especially  indicated,  but 
when  it  does,  a  short  horizontal  stroke  placed  just  above,  as  shown  in 
Plate  /.,  or,  in  some  cases,  at  the  side  or  underneath,  will  distinguish  it 
from  S. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  diphthong  OW  has  an  extra  form  given  to 
it.  This  is  sometimes  found  useful  in  practice  as  a  means  of  special 
distinction.  The  curved  and  horizontal  strokes  which  constitute  this  extra 
form  for  this  diphthong  should  always  be  made  only  HALF  the  length 
of  the  same  alphabetic  strokes,  in  order  to  distinguish  it  from  AH-K, 
in  which  the  strokes  are  full  length. 


I 6  NORMAL  PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   II. 


I  pt,  tp,  psh,  psh,  pi,  pi,      '     tk,  kt,  tf,  tsh,  tsh,  tl,  tr, 

2.  kr,  rk,  kl,  ke,  kth,  ksh,  ksh,  chk,  chf,  chth,  chsh,  chsh,^'  j  chl. 

3.  fk,  kf,  fl,  fl,  fsh,  fsh,  fah,  [*'  j  thp,  thch,  thsh,  thsh,  thl,  thl,  [J£  ] 

4.  thr,  shp,  shk,  shl,  shl,    ,  ''  >shr,  shn,  mp,  mt,  mk,  pm,  mch,  msh. 

5.  mn,  nk,  nch,  nl,  n,e>  I  nr,  nm,  nf,  Ip,  Ik,  1th. 

nk,  / 

le   1  le    1 

6.  Ish,  ml,  1th,  Ir,  1m,  1m,  In,  In,  ,,  '  >  ,,  '  >  lah. 

7.  rt,  rf'  >rsh,  rl,  rl,  rm,  rn,  aht,  ahk,  ahch,  ahf,  ahsh,  ahm. 

8    oV,r,    -,M  ^v.    eth>  1  esh>  I  em>  1  en'  1  el«  1  e'>  \er'\      v, 
o.  abn.  am,  ecn,  ,  .,     >  ,    ,     >  ,        >  ,       >  ,  ,    v  ,  ,    >  •      >  can. 
'  kth,  )  ksh,  f  km,  (  kn,  J  kl,  J  kl,  j  kr,  J 

9.  pp,  tt,  kk,  ek,  mm,  nn,  chch,  ff,  ahah,  rr. 

10.  sp,  ps,  st,  ts,  sk,  ks,  se,  es,  si,  is,  so,  os. 

11.  fs,  sf,  ahs,  sah,  chs,  sch,  ths,  sth,  ms,  ns,  msm,  nsn. 

I2-  fl'  l!Sv  USP>  ^  )  ahsm,  ahsn,  bsns,  Isn,  fsl,  rsl. 
kst,  j  tsk,  j  ksp,  (  psk,  ( 

13.  msls,  sahms,  Isah,  sfahs,  stsms,  tsahs,  osrs,  usls,  Ismn. 

14.  ssp,  pss,  thss,  ssah,  mss,  nss,  ssn,  sstm,  rss,  ess. 

15.  H,  hs,  ht,  hst,  JJ;J  |  hsn,  hsah,  hn,  hp,  hk,  j£  ] 

16.  inherit,  inhale,  inhuman,  unwholesome,  unhorse,  unhealthy,  hate. 

17.  Hah,  hm,  hi,  hnr,  hmn,  he,  hi,  ho,  hth,  hch,  hat. 

18.  Wm,  wl,  wn,  wp,  \vt,  we,  wi,  wo,  ws,  sw,  wr,  ym,  yonder,  young. 

19.  E,  see,  te,  ne,  ke,  me  ;  a,  lay,  say,  nay,  day,  pay. 

20.  I,  sigh,  pie,  tie,  shy,  lie,  why;  oi,  soy,  joy,  toy,  annoy,  boy. 

21.  O,  so,  low,  toe,  mow,  no  ;  ow,  sow,  bow,  cow,  vow,  thou. 

22.  Ah,  sah,  tar,  far,  car,  mar,  arch  ;  aw,  saw,  law,  paw,  caw,  maw, 

pshaw. 

23.  due,  dues,  Jew,  Jews,  new,  news  ;  insertion,  uncertain,  unsearchable. 


PLATE    II. 


IS  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE    II. 

Lines  i  to  8  show  the  mode  of  joining  the  stroke  letters,  the  join- 
ings of  L  and  SH,  sometimes  upward  and  sometimes  downward,  are 
shown.  The  horizontal  stroke  is  shown  to  read  either  as  E  or  K,  the 
principles  explained  in  alphabet  section  not  being  capable  of  develop- 
ment in  the  early  stage  of  illustration  shown  in  this  plate. 

Line  9  shows  the  doubling  of  the  letters. 

Lines  10  to  13  show  the  manner  in  which  the  S  circle  is  joined  to 
the  other  characters. 

Line  14  shows  manner  of  writing  SS  by  enlarged  circle. 

Lines  15  to  17.  Besides  the  alphabetical  character,  H  is  some- 
times represented  by  a  dot  and  sometimes  by  a  tick.  These  lines  show 
the  uses  of  these  different  forms  of  H. 

Line  15  shows  the  connections  in  which  the  alphabetical  character 
is  most  advantageously  used. 

Line  16  shows  words  in  which  the  dot  H  is  best  used. 

Line  17  shows  the  use  of  the  tick  H.  which  is  capable  of  very 
various  application.  It  should  be  noted  that  the  tick  H  is  a  heavy  tick, 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  I  tick,  as  the  vowel  I  for  convenience  is  often 
shortened  to  a  light  tick,  similarly  joined. 

Line  18  shows  the  mode  of  joining  the  small  half-circles  for  W  and 
Y  to  other  letters.  These  are  of  frequent  application,  and  are  much 
more  used  than  the  large  characters  for  W  and  Y  given  in  the  alphabet. 

Plate  II.,  lines  19  to  23,  and  Plate  III.,  lines  i  to  6,  illustrate 
the  application  of  the  lineal  vowels  and  diphthongs.  It  will  be  noticed 
that  A  is  distinguished  from  E,  AW  from  AH,  OI  from  I,  and  U  or 
OW  from  O,  by  the  former  being  thickened  in  each  case.  As  before 
said,  there  are  two  forms  for  OW.  When  it  is  more  particularly  desired 
to  denote  this  sound,  the  form  shown  in  the  last  six  outlines  on  line  21 
will  be  used ;  in  other  cases,  the  thickened  O,  which  represents  U, 
will  also  sufficiently  represent  OW,  as  shown  in  Plate  III. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  19 

The  following  are  the  rules  governing  the  use  of  the  stroke  vowels  : 

RULE  I.  The  consonant  outline,  being  the  main  essence  and  de- 
pendence of  all  phonography,  therefore  the  vowel  strokes  in  this 
system  are  only  to  be  used  to  give  an  increased  variety  of  outline  for 
those  words  in  which  the  consonant  outline  alone  is  not  the  best  or  the 
briefest. 

RULE  2.  The  stroke  vowels,  when  used,  are  written  in  connection 
with  the  consonants  and  without  lifting  the  pen.  They  are  used  to 
represent  either  long  or  short  sounds,  as  the  peculiar  outline  or  the  con- 
text will  always  show  which  is  intended. 

RULE  3.  E  is  the  general  vowel,  and  stands  for  any  other  vowel 
when  necessary,  and,  of  course,  the  other  vowels  may  be  used  for  pur- 
poses of  more  exact  definition. 

RULE  4.  The  stroke  vowels  are  subject  to  all  the  principles  herein- 
after applied  to  the  consonants,  except  that  they  do  not  take  the  small 
initial  hooks,  as  these  are  necessary  to  distinguish  the  horizontal  vowels 
themselves. 

The  mode  of  joining  the  S  circle  to  the  hooked  vowels  must  be 
particularly  noted.  It  is  done  as  shown  in  the  second  example  on 
Plate  II.,  lines  20  and  21,  and  in  other  places.  This  method  of  over- 
lapping the  horizontal  stroke  clearly  marks  the  following  vowel.  The 
small  semicircles  for  the  consonants  W  and  Y  are  often  attached  to  the 
vowel  strokes,  and  are  shown  thus  in  various  places. 

The  frequent  termination  Y  is  written  when  necessary  by  a  short 
dash  E  stroke.  The  back  hook  hereinafter  described  for  in,  en,  or  un, 
prefixed  to  the  circle  S,  may  be  used  with  the  vowels,  care  being  taken 
to  give  it  curve  enough;  the  last  three  outlines  on  Plate  II. ,  line  23, 
show  this. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE    III. 

1.  es,  ep,  et,  ek,  ek,  em,  ef,  en,  el,  er,  eah. 

2.  is,  ip,  it,  ik,  ik,  im,  if,  in,  il. 

3.  os,  op,  ot,  ok,  ok,  om,  osh,  och,  ol. 

4.  house,  mouse,  louse,  juice,  voice,  joys,  noise,  oil. 

5.  we,  way,  wi,  wo,  wah,  war,  wipe,  ye,  yo. 

6.  ear,  ire,  ore,  desire ;  bower,  tower,  shower,  sour. 

7.  fell,  male,  marl,  maul,  file,  foil,  mole,  lose,  town,  muse,  news. 

8.  pr,  tr,  kr,  kr;  pi,  tl,  kl,  kl;  py,  ty,  ky;   pw,  tw,  kw,  kw. 

9.  al,  el;  il,  oil;  ol,  owl;  ul,  ool. 

10.  r>   >  r'   >thr,  chr,  shr,  shr  (upward),  mr,  nr,  ngr,  hr;  wl,  wr. 

11.  fl;  1  fl|  Ithl,  chl,  shl,  shl,  ml,  nl,  ngl,  hi;  rl,  whl. 
vl,  j  vl,  J 

12.  pn,  tn,  kn,  rn,  en ;  pf,  tf,  kf,  rf,  ef. 

P~ter'    )  t-ter,  etc. ;    k-ter,  etc. ;    r-ter,  etc. ;    e-ter,  etc. ;    p-shon, 

13.  -der,   >• 

ther   I      t-shon,  k-shon,  r-shon,  e-snon. 

14.  fn,  ahn,  thn,  chn,  shn  (downward),  mn,  nn,  ngn,  In,  hn. 

iv  f-shon,  ah-shon,  ... "  '   >  ch-shon,  sh-shon,  m-shon,  n-shon,  ng-shon, 
th-v, ) 

1-shon,  h-shon. 

16.  wn,  yn  ;  fashions,  missions,  nations,  national,  rational. 

17.  mp,  mpr,  mpn,  mpshon  ;  pump,  impulse,  lamp,  damp. 

18.  take,  make,  seek,  weak,  leek,  quick. 

19.  soak,  smoke,  book,  poke,  shake. 

20.  tag,  bag,  bog,  bug,  mug. 

21.  E,  K;  I,  KL;  O,  KR ;  you  have,  gruff,  I  have,  cleave,  key,  KK, 

EK. 

22.  can   be,    creep,    clam;    item,   outline,   greatly,   grander,  writing, 

fighting. 

23.  extreme,  example,   orchestra,  oceanic,   practise,    amicable,  right, 

light,  below,  speaker,  eagle. 


PLATE   III. 


'•> 

'•  M  ;_  ^  f/«-'\n  7^  T/5. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE    III. 

Lines  I  to  6  show,  as  before  said,  some  more  vowel  applications. 
It  will  he  noticed  that  two  outlines  are  given  for  EK,  IK,  and  OK. 

Line  6.  The  first  four  forms  on  this  line  show  a  convenient  use 
of  the  horizontal  vowels,  with  AH  curved  stroke.  The  last  five  forms 
on  this  line  show  a  contrivance  by  which  OVV,  when  lengthened,  adds  R. 

Line  7  shows  some  marks  which  indicate  the  vowel  sounds  heard 
in  the  respective  words  on  this  line.  These  marks  are  not  intended  for 
use  'while  writing,  but  are  to  be  used  to  fill  in  a  vowel  here  or  there, 
if,  after  finishing  a  piece  of  writing,  on  reading  it  over,  the  writer 
desires  to  mark  an  omitted  vowel  here  and  there,  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  the  notes  for  future  reference.  The  dot  for  the  sound  of  E 
should  be  made  heavy  to  distinguish  it  from  any  other  dot  used  in  this 
system,  which  others  are  all  light  dots. 

Lines  8  to  n.  The  single  letters  of  the  alphabet  are  converted 
into  double  ones  by  means  of  hooks.  These  are  of  two  sorts, — initial 
and  final.  These  lines  show  the  initial  hooks. 

Line  8  shows  the  initial  hook  applied  to  straight  strokes,  and  of 
these  a  small  hook  to  the  left  adds  R  to  each  one,  and  a  small  hook  to 
the  right  adds  L,  and  the  small  hook  on  the  upper  side  of  the  hori- 
zontal stroke  reads  L,  and  on  the  lower  side  reads  R,  the  horizontal 
stroke  being  read  as  K  and  G  in  this  connection. 

The  last  seven  forms  on  this  line  show  an  enlarged  hook  applied  to 
the  straight  strokes.  Of  these  the  enlarged  hook  to  the  right  adds  W, 
and  tl.at  to  the  left  adds  Y  to  each  straight  stroke.  This  latter  hook  is 
mostly  only  used  in  phrases,  and  is  very  useful  at  the  commencement 
of  questions  in  reporting  evidence.  When  the  horizontal  stroke  is  re- 
garded as  a  K  or  G  stroke,  only  the  enlarged  hook  on  the  upper  side  is 
used;  this  is  a  W  hook,  and  thus  the  last  form  on  line  8  reads  KW  or 
Q,  but  only  in  connection  with  other  letters ;  never  when  it  stands  alone. 

Line  9  shows  an  enlarged  hook  applied  on  each  side  of  the  hori- 
zontal stroke,  which  adds  L  to  the  vowel.  When  required,  AL  is  dis- 
tinguished from  EL,  OIL  from  IL,  and  OWL  from  OL,  and  OOL  from 
UL,  by  the  former  being  ticked  in  each  case.  These  ticks,  however, 
will  never  be  necessary  in  swift  writing. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  23 

Lines  10  and  n  show  the  initial  hooks  applied  to  curved  strokes. 
Of  these,  the  small  hook  adds  R  and  the  large  hook  L.  The  second 
form  on  line  to  would  logically  read  AH-R,  but,  as  this  combination  is 
never  required,  it  is  used,  as  in  all  other  phonographies  for  FR,  VR, 
as  two  forms  for  this  are  very  useful,  for,  if  one  will  not  join  con- 
veniently, the  other  will.  The  last  two  forms  on  line  10  are  excep- 
tional, and  read  WL  and  WR,  the  small  initial  hook  in  these  two  cases 
reading  as  W.  They  are  really  to  be  considered  as  not  belonging  to 
this  series  of  hooks,  but  as  a  convenient  joining  of  the  small  circle  W 
to  the  letters  L  and  R. 

Lines  12  and  13  show  the  final  hooks  applied  to  straight  strokes. 
A  small  final  hook  to  the  left  adds  N,  and  a  small  final  hook  to  the 
right  side  adds  F  or  V.  This  F  or  V  hook  is  also  frequently  used  in  corn- 
found  -words  to  denote  W.  A  large  final  hook  to  the  left  adds  TER, 
DER.orTHER,  and  alarge  final  hook  to  the  right  adds  SHON  or  TION. 

Lines  14  and  15  show  the  final  hooks  applied  to  curves.  A  small 
final  hook  to  these  adds  N,  and  a  large  one  adds  SHON  or  TION. 

Line  16.  The  first  two  examples  on  this  line  show  the  N  hook 
added  to  the  alphabetical  W  and  Y.  The  next  three  show  the  mode  in 
which  S  is  added  to  the  SHON  hook.  The  last  two  show  the  way  an 
L  is  added  to  the  SHON  hook. 

Line  17  shows  that  a  thickened  M  represents  MP  or  MB,  and 
examples  of  this  combination  in  words. 

Lines  18  to  20  show  the  double  lengthening  of  the  vowel  hori- 
zontal stroke  to  represent  K  or  G  in  such  words  as  terminate  in  these 
letters,  whereby  the  intervening  vowel  is  also  precisely  indicated.  Even 
if  in  practice  this  should  not  be  made  much  over  a  single  length  stroke, 
it  will  be  found  that  the  context  and  connection  of  the  word  will  never 
permit  any  mistake  to  be  made. 

Lines  21  to  23  give  some  illustrations  of  cases  when  the  horizontal 
stroke  is  read  as  the  vowel  stroke,  and  when  it  is  read  for  K  or  G. 
For  an  explanation  of  these  the  reader  is  referred  back  to  the  remarks 
thereon  under  the  head  of  Explanation  of  Plate  I.  (the  alphabet  plate). 

The  first  example  on  line  22  shows  that  when  "  can"  is  joined  in 
phrases  to  other  words  the  horizontal  form  is  to  be  used ;  but  when 
"  can"  or  "  come"  stands  alone  the  slanting  form  must  be  used,  and  so 
with  other  cases. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE    IV. 
efe,      ) 

1.  any,  ei ;  eve,      >eo;  Iowa,  chaos. 

away,  J 

2.  spr,  str,  skr,  ',   '  I  straw,  strike,  spray,  s'3    '  -       I  surfeit,  certain. 

'  skr,  /  •"  surprise,  / 

3.  express,  Exeter,  pester,  register,  disclose,  excursive,  destroy,  pros- 

per, explain,  explanation,  physical. 

4.  bicycle,  tricycle,  supply,  settle,  ski,  splash,  suffer,  summer,  sooner. 

5.  pn,  pns,  tn,  tns,  kn,  kns,  rn,  rns,  en,  ens,  in,  ins. 

6.  sen,  sense,  mean,  means,  sign,  signs,  son,  sons. 

7.  expenses,  ounces,  tenses,  dances,  princes,  bounces,  glances,  exer- 

cises. 

8.  shn,  shns,  fn,  fns,  In,  Ins,  machine,  machines,  mn,  mns,  nn,  nns. 

9.  pt,  tt,  kt,  et,  ft,  tht,  cht,  slit,  mt,  nt,  aht,  It. 

10.  prt,  trt,  krt ;  pit,  tit,  kit ;  pft,  tft,  kft,  eft ;  pnt,  tnt,  knt,  ent,  rft,  rnt. 

11.  .'  1    V  jthrt,  chrt,  shrt,  mrt,  nrt,  hrt,  wit,  fnt,  ahnt,  thnt,  chnt, 
vrt,  /  vrt,  j 

rant,  nnt,  Int,  hnt. 

12.  sprt,  strt,  skrt;    spit,  stlt,  skit;    pnts,  tnts,  knts,  ents,  rnts,  thnts, 

clints,  mnts,  nnts,  Ints. 

13.  bread,  straight,  tight,  night,  old,  hot,  height,  bet,  met,  net,  set,  sat. 

14.  wait,  wart,  sent,  sight,  sot,  about,  doubt,  light,  fight,  smite,  mart, 

naught. 

15.  melt,  melted,  pelt,  pelted,  act,  acted,  people,  peopled,  kick,  kicked, 

treat,  treated,  state,  stated. 

1 6.  stay,  stayed,  stm,  stp,  stl,  sti,  sto,  rst,  fst,  mst,  1st. 

17.  toast,  feast,  host,  yeast,  ceased,  east,  west,  nst,  hst. 

18.  st-pr,  st-tr,  st-kr,  ster;  testify,  justify,  investigation,  mystic. 

19.  faster,  muster,  minster,  minister,  poster,  duster. 

20.  against,  punster,  spinster,  monster,  crusts,  lists,  toasts,  minsters, 

posters,  exercises. 

21.  decision,  position,  persuasion,  transition,  physician,  incision,  dis- 

position, compensation,  positions,  physicians,  positional,  transi- 
tional. 

22.  father,  mother,  neither,  latter,  order,  inventor,  cylinder,  thunder, 

render,  blunder. 

23.  tender,  hunger,  longer,  temper,  September,  November. 


PLATE   IV. 


.   <\    1    / 


4.  v. 

5-    \  \    J    J 

6.    o  — 


8- 


<S£- 


c^  —  =>     <f  —  a 


JJ 


J 


9-\    I    /- 

10.  c^*)     ?     <; 

11.  c.  *N  c  *). 

12.    £\q^^ 

IS-   *\_    *L  i.    S 


15. 


-    </ 

•  J> 


22. 
23- 


\ 


26  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE    IV. 

Line  I  shows  the  mode  in  which  a  distinction  is  made  between 
two  vowels  and  a  consonant  hook  between  them  and  one  vowel  joined 
on  to  a  hooked  vowel.  This  is  done  by  making  the  curve  of  the  hook 
very  pronounced  in  the  first  case,  while  in  the  second  case  the  hook 
of  the  second  vowel  is  written  by  a  short  right  angle,  which  in  quick 
writing  would  tend  to  become  an  obtuse  angle.  This  principle  applies 
in  all  such  cases  throughout  this  system. 

Line  2  shows  the  triple  letters  SPR,  STR,  SKR,  SER.'  These 
triple  combinations  in  this  form  are  mostly  used  only  initially.  The 
student  will  note  the  difference  between  SP,  ST,  SK,  SE,  and  SPR, 
STR,  SKR,  SER;  the  circle  being  on  the  left-hand  side  of  stroke  for 
the  latter,  and  on  under  side  of  horizontal  stroke. 

Line  3  shows  that  where  these  triple  letters  occur  in  the  middle  of 
a  word  the  hooked  stroke  and  the  circle  will  be  separately  shown. 

Line  4.  The  middle  three  forms  on  this  line  show  the  mode  of 
joining  S  to  the  L  hook,  and  the  last  three  of  joining  S  to  the  R  hook 
on  curves. 

Lines  5  and  6  show  the  addition  of  S  to  the  N  hook  series.  It 
must  be  noted  that  the  circle  on  the  right-hand  side  of  any  stroke  only 
adds  S  to  it. 

The  NS  combinations  on  these  lines  are  mostly  used  only  finally, 
for  when  S  is  used  medially  it  is  wriiten  on  whichever  side  is  most  con- 
venient. Sometimes,  however,  in  contractions  the  left-hand,  or  under 
side  NS  circle,  is  used  medially. 

Line  7  shows  the  doubling  of  the  S  circle  in  conjunction  with  the 
N  hook.  In  the  last  form  on  this  line  it  is  doubled  for  SES. 

Line  8  shows  the  mode  in  which  S  is  applied  to  the  N  hook  on  a 
curve. 

Lines  9  to  15  show  the  halving  principle,  which  consists  in  halving 
the  length  of  the  letters  to  add  T  or  D  to  them,  and  this  whether  it  be 
a  single,  double,  or  triple  form. 

Line  9  shows  halving  simple  strokes. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  27 

Lines  10  and  n  show  halving  double  letters. 
Line  12  shows  halving  triple  letters,  and  here  it  will  be  noticed 
that  when  the  circle  S  commences  the  outline  it  must  be  readyfrj/,  and 
when  it  ends  the  outline  it  must  be  read  last.  Although  in  this  ex- 
ample T  has  been  added,  whenever  in  writing  sense  requires  D,  the 
latter  will  be  added. 

Line  15  shows  the  mode  of  addition  of  the  past  tense  ending  in 
TED  or  DED.  The  last  six  forms  on  this  line  show  that  when  a  full- 
length  and  a  half-length  letter  of  the  same  kind  occur,  it  is  better  to 
insert  a  short  E  vowel  stroke  between  to  divide  them. 

Lines  1 6  to  20  show  the  use  of  the  ST  and  STR  loops.  The  ST 
loop  is  written  one-half  as  long  as  the  stroke  to  which  it  is  applied. 
It  may  be  used  either  initially  or  finally.  Lines  16  and  if  show  the 
use  of  this  loop. 

Line  18.  The  first  four  forms  on  this  line  show  the  effect  of  the 
application  of  the  ST  loop  on  the  R  hook  side  of  straight  strokes.  The 
ST  loop  is  also  used  medially  when  convenient.  The  last  four  forms 
on  this  line  show  this. 

Line  19  shows  the  use  of  the  STR  loop.  This  is  a  loop  two-thirds 
of  the  length  of  the  stroke  to  which  it  is  applied.  This  loop  is  only 
used  finally. 

Line  20.  Either  the  ST  or  STR  loop  may  be  combined  with  the 
N  hook.  The  first  four  forms  on  this  line  show  this.  The  rest  of  the 
forms  on  this  line  show  the  mode  of  adding  S  to  final  loops  or  large 
circles. 

Line  21  shows  the  S-TION  hook.  This  is  a  mode  of  indicating 
those  terminations  when  S  occurs'before  TION.  Of  the  last  four  forms 
on  this  line,  the  first  two  show  the  mode  of  adding  S  to  these  termi- 
nations, and  the  last  two  of  adding  L  to  them. 

Lines  22  and  23.  These  lines  show  the  lengthened  curve  which 
adds  TER,  DER,  or  THER.  The  last  two  forms  on  line  22  show  that 
a  straight  letter  when  hooked  at  the  end  may  be  treated  in  the  same 
way.  This  principle  takes  effect  after  all  modifications  of  the  stem, 
except  final  circles  or  loops. 

When  NG  is  thus  lengthened  it  adds  NKR  or  NCR,  instead  of  the 
above  letters;  and  when  MP  is  thus  lengthened  it  adds  PR  or  BR  to 
it.  The  last  five  forms  on  line  23  show  this. 


28  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   V. 

1.  acquire,  aquiline,  equation,  equator;  question,  acquisition,  square. 

2.  equerry,  inquire,  inquiry,  inquest,  equilibrium. 

3.  meter,  Peier,  motor,  ether,  either,  other,  Creator,  mature,  nature, 

zither. 

4.  A,  an,  at,  aft;  say,  safe,  sane,  sat,  sand,  stay,  stave. 

5.  E,  et,  ent,  east,  west,  Easter,  ether,  see,  seen,  sent. 

6.  session,  cedar,  stead,  instead;  sir,  serf,  stir,  stern;  I,  in. 

7.  it,  int,  ice,  is  there,  either,  sign,  sight,  sift,  cider,  sty. 

8.  stiff,  stint,  ins,  inst,  inster,  hoist,  oyster. 

9.  O,  off,  own,  hot,  hose,  host,  oft,  ocean,  odor,  sot. 

10.  so,  son,  soft,  soda,  stow,  stone ;  out,  out,  utter,  whose. 

11.  sue,  soon,  stew,  stouter ;  AH,  art, half,  aren't,  star,  staff,  start,  starter. 

12.  awe,  ought,  awning,  order;  saw,  sought,  sawder,  sawn,  saunter, 

exhaust,  exhauster. 

13.  el,  al ;  il,  oil ;  ol,  owl ;  ul,  ool. 

14.  peal,  deal,  feel,  boil,  pole,  coal,  dull,  school,  heel,  hole,  hull. 

15.  seal,  sale,  silo,  soul,  steal,  stale   stile,  stole,  stool. 

16.  peeled,  scaled,  soiled,  dolt,  gold,  fold,  schooled,  bold,  mold,  hold. 

17.  all,  also,  altogether,  almost,  always,  all  right,  albeit,  already,  Al- 

mighty. 

18.  although,  else,  elsewhere,  elaborate,  elastic,  elect,  election,  elec- 

tric, elegance,  element. 

19.  elementary,  elephant,  elephantiasis ;   elevate,  elevator,  elevation ; 

algebra,  alimony,  elapse. 

20.  elm,  elocution,  elongation,  eloquence,  elucidate,  elude,  alabaster, 

albumen,  alcohol. 

21.  aliquot,  allegory,   allopath,   alloy,  almanac,  alphabet,  ill,  illness, 

illustration. 

22.  illustrious,  olfactory,  oligarch  ;  ulcer,  ulceration,  ulterior,  ultimate, 

ultimatum. 

23.  relique,  railroad,  railway,  religion,  relinquish,  relish,  real. 


30  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   V. 

Lines  i  and  2.  These  lines  show  the  application  of  the  KW  hook 
to  words  including  the  Q  sound.  The  horizontal  stroke  for  K  and  G 
is  used  for  all  these  words.  None  of  them  can  be  mistaken  for  the 
EL  combination  to  be  spoken  of  later  on.  But  when  KW  stands 
alone,  or  in  one  syllable,  the  slanting  stroke  is  to  be  used. 

Line  3  shows  some  applications  of  the  TER,  DER,  and  THER 
hook  to  straight  stems.  This  hook  is  sometimes  used,  as  shown,  to 
denote  the  terminations  TOR  and  TURE. 

Note  that  the  fourth  form  on  this  line  is  ether.  This  word  is  not 
often  required ;  therefore  this  outline  is  used  as  a  word  sign  for  other, 
as  in  the  sixth  form  on  this  line. 

Lines  4  to  12  show  some  vowel  and  diphthong  combinations,  em- 
bodying the  principles  thus  far  developed. 

Lines  13  to  23  show  the  enlarged  L  hook  vowel  combinations. 

Line  13  shows  simple  enlarged  initial  hook,  applied  to  horizontal 
vowels  for  the  addition  of  L.  The  ticks  shown  to  distinguish  AL  from 
EL,  and  so  on,  are  not  used  in  swift  writing. 

Line  14  shows  the  class  of  words  of  one  syllable  which  mostly 
employ  this  L  combination.  It  is  mostly  only  used  in  these  words  for 
the  long  vowel  sounds. 

Line  15  shows  the  application  of  S  and  ST  to  these  combina- 
tions. 

Line  16  shows  the  halving  of  them  to  add  T  or  D. 

Line  17  shows  some  frequent  derivatives  of  the  word  all.  These 
words  may  be  written  shorter  than  shown  here  by  treating  all  as  an 
initial  vowel,  and  writing  the  second  part  of  them  close  to  the  pre- 
ceding word,  in  accordance  with  the  principle  hereinafter  described  on 
Plate  Vlf.,  lines  4  to  8  inclusive. 

Lines  18  to  23  show  the  application  of  the  vowel  L  hook  to 
various  words. 

Line  23  shows  that  this  hook  is  often  employed  medially  in  a  word 

This  hook  plainly  defines  a  class  of  words  which  are  but  meagrely 
differentiated  in  the  present  phonographies. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  3! 


PLATE   VI. 

1.  consider,  consideration,  contain,  comply;  inconstant,  accomplish, 

recognize,  incognito,  decompose,  discompose. 

2.  misconduct,  reconcilable,  irreconcilable,  recommend,  uncommon, 

interview,  introduction,  international,  enterprise. 

3.  magnanimous,    magnitude,    magnify,    magnificent,   magnet;    con- 

tradict, contribution,  controversy,  counterfeit,  countermand, 
counterpoint. 

4.  forward,   forever,  forsake,    fortune,  forearmed,    self-esteem,   self- 

command,  self-control,  self-respect,  self-defence. 

5.  circumstances,  circumspect,  circumscribe,  circumference,  circum- 

navigation ;  inspiration,  instruct,  inscription,  insolence. 

6.  extraordinary,  extradition,  extravagant,  extravasation;    hypocrite, 

hypothesis,  hydrogen,  hydrometer;  ultramarine,  ultramontane. 

7.  etymology,    psychology,    transmigration,    trigonometry,    transcen- 

dentalism ;  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  Railroad, 
etc. ;  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  etc. ;  Pennsylvania  Rail- 
road Co.,  etc. ;  New  Orleans  and  Texas  Pacific  Co.,  etc. 

8.  proving,    feeling,  writing;    feelings,  writings,  turning,   learning, 

measuring  ;  lodgings,  turnings,  starlings. 

9.  formality,  peculiarity,  majority,  barbarity,  generality,  probability, 

alacrity,  durability,  desirability,  ability. 

10.  instrumental,  detrimental,  fundamental ;  theology,  geology,  physi- 

ology ;  praiseworthy,  seaworthy,  unworthy;  whensoever,  what- 
soever, howsoever,  whosoever. 

11.  sensible,  profitable,  lovable,  charitableness,  suitableness,  cheerful- 

ness, combativeness,  carelessness,  heedlessness.  artlessness. 

12.  thyself,  themselves;  stewardship,  horsemanship,  friendship. 

13.  within,  without,  altogether,  together,  only,  any,  away,  next,  now, 

about,  phonography,  instead,  against,  may  not. 


32  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 

14    occasion,  ocean,  occasional,  position,  possession,   proof,  success, 
allow,  whether,  whither,  whence,  .wlce-    j.  between,  at  once. 

15.  however,  however,  under,  nature,  Lord,  otherwise,  and,  to,  country, 

therefore,  there  are,  utmost,  uttermost. 

16.  more  than,  natural,  separate,  material,  America,  association,  certain, 

ascertain,  beautiful,  evident,  frequent,  end. 

17.  like,  outward,  inward,  earnest,  correspond,  stenography,  demon- 

strate, anybody,  nobody,  somebody,  any  one. 

18.  external,  attachment,  difficulty,  purpose,    perhaps,  develop-ment, 

devolve,  refer,  reform,  character,  characteristic,  knowledge, 
acknowledge,  although,  work,  danger,  because. 

19.  immediately,  especially,  establish-ed-ment,  impossible,  important, 

interest,  understand,  understood,  inconsistent,  influence,  influ- 
ential, manuscript,  messenger,  mistake. 

20.  never,    nevertheless,    notwithstanding,    object,  objection,   subject, 

subjection,  publish-ed,  publication,  instruction,  instructor,  ob- 
struction, inspection,  inspector,  destruction  ;  instructive,  destruc- 
tive, truthful. 

21.  careful,  truthfulness,  reduction,  rather,  rather,  represent,  representa- 

tive, representation,  surprise,  experience,  transcript,  transgress, 
transgression,  whenever,  whatever. 

22.  several,  satisfactory,  practical-able,  applicable-bility,  indispensable, 

circumstances,  consequences,  consider,  consist,  memorandum, 
plaintiff,  defendant,  witness. 

23.  witness-stand,   preliminary,   case,  distinct,  distinction,   testimony, 

restless,  stamped,  cramped,  meantime,  sure,  privilege,  advan- 
tage, sufficient,  efficient. 


34  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   VI. 

Lines  i  to  6  show  the  prefixes  to  words.     These  are  as  follows : 

Com  or  con,  a  dot. 

Com,  con,  or  cog,  also  by  writing  first  letter  separately. 

Inter,  intro,  by  N  disjoined,  or  by  double-length  N  joined,  as  in 
last  two  forms  on  line  2. 

Magna,  magni,  by  M  disjoined. 

Contra,  contra,  counter,  by  K  disjoined. 

For,  by  F  joined. 

Self,  by  S  disjoined. 

Circum,  by  SER  joined. 

In,  en,  un,  by  a  small  back  hook  (see  line  j).  This  is  shown,  ap- 
plied to  the  vowels,  on  Plate  II.,  line  23. 

Extra,  by  E  disjoined. 

Hyper,  hypo,  hydra,  hydro,  by  I  disjoined. 

Ultra,  by  U  disjoined. 

Line  7.  This  line  shows  the  terminal  dot.  This  is  placed  at  the 
middle  of  a  vertical  outline  or  under  a  horizontal  one,  and  shows  that 
the  outline  is  unfinished.  This  is  useful  in  technical  reports.  One 
stroke,  with  a  dot  in  the  middle,  is  often  sufficient  when  the  word  is 
often  repeated.  The  last  four  outlines  show  two  terminal  dots.  These 
indicate  that  a  whole  phrase  or  sentence  is  omitted,  such  as  the  name 
of  a  corporation,  which  it  is  not  thought  necessary  to  write  in  full. 

Lines  8  to  12  show  the  affixes  to  words.     These  are  as  follows : 

ing,  NG  or  a  dot  at  end  of  word. 

ings,  NGS  or  a  short  stroke  at  end  of  word. 

ality,  ility,  arity,  etc.  These  kinds  of  terminations  ^»y  last  letter  of 
outline  disjoined. 

bility,  ability,  by  Bit  joined. 

mental,  mentality,  by  Mnt  disjoined. 

ology,  by  J  joined. 

•worthy,  by  TH  joined. 

soever,  by  SV  joined. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  35 


die,  by  B  joined. 

bleness,  by  Bins  joined. 

ful,  by  F  joined. 

fulness,  by  FS  disjoined. 

tiveness,  by  VS  disjoined. 

Itssness,  by  LS  disjoined. 

self,  selves,  by  S  and  SS  disjoined. 

skip,  by  SI  I  disjoined.  Sometimes  SH  is  joined,  as  on  line  12, 
last  two  forms. 

Lines  13  to  17  show  the  best  forms  for  some  frequent  words. 
Notice  the  word  away  on  line  /j.  In  this  word  the  V  hook  on  the 
vowel  is  used  to  represent  W.  This  hook  is  thus  frequently  used  to 
represent  W  in  compound  words.  This  use  of  it  is  also  seen  on  Plate 
V.,  line  77,  in  the  word  always. 

Lines  1 8  to  23  show  various  kinds  of  contracted  outlines  for  words 
in  common  use. 

The  principal  forms  of  word  contraction  are  contraction  by  syncope, 
in  which  the  accented  portion  of  the  word  forms  the  contraction. 
Examples  of  this  are  shown  on  lines  18  and  ig. 

The  omission  of  K  when  followed  by  SHON  or  TR  (see  line  20). 
The  second  and  third  forms  on  this  line  show  examples  of  contraction 
by  intersection. 

The  affix  ful  is  indicated  by  the  alphabet  F  stroke  joined  on  to 
words,  instead  of  using  the  FL  hook,  which  sometimes  joins  incon- 
veniently. 

In  contracted  words  the  F  and  V  hooks  stand  for  FUL  and  TIVE 
respectively.  Also  ST  is  frequently  condensed  to  S,  as  in  the  words 
testimony  and  restless,  on  line  23.  The  words  stamped  and  cramped,  on 
the  same  line,  are  half-shortened  for  T,  as  the  syllable  ped  is  ex- 
pressed by  T  in  each  case.  All  words  terminating  in  this  mode  may 
be  treated  thus. 


36  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   VII. 

1.  mutual,  education,  writing,  fighting,  shooting,  metre,  motor,  mitre. 

2.  ten,  attain,  tend,  attend,  tempt,  attempt,  outline,  outrageous;  item, 

artless,  article,  aldermen ;  Ireland,  ermine. 

3.  rake,  reek,  rock  ;  rag,  rig,  rug,  break. 

4.  Shall  you  be  at  home  ?     I  will  make  amends  for  this.     Did  you 

hope  to  see  him  ? 

5.  It  is  not  necessary  in  every  case  to  indicate  the  exact  initial  vowel 

in  our  language. 

6.  It  is  generally  amply  sufficient  to  indicate  that  there  is  a  vowel  in 

that  position.     He  gave  each  of  us  a  book. 

7.  The  tread  of  the  opposing  armies.     The  tread  of   the  opposing 

armies.     The  tread  of  passing  armies. 

8.  He  gave  a  book  to  me.     He  gave  a  book  to  him.     The  attention 

he  bestowed  upon  this  object. 

9.  lave,  leave,  love;  grave,  grief,  gruff,  tame,  time,  tome. 

10.  ball,  bill,  bull;  tan,  ten,  town;  fan,  fin,  fun. 

11.  mam,  mem,  mum;  hall,  hill,  hull;  man,  men,  moan. 

12.  laugh,  deem,  rock,  many;  cape,  keep,  cope;  to  be,  to  do,  to  go. 

13.  pay,  may,  they,  day;  do,  shew,  new,  go,  Joe,  them,  me,  bay. 

14.  daily,  lay,  pity,  city,  lie,  supply,  nigh,  deny,  below. 

15.  photo,  sparrow,  morrow,  about,  now,  view,  views,  Jew,  Jews. 

16.  continue,  continues,  new,  news,  blue,  speed,  spade,  met,  mate,  nay. 

17.  in  the,  for  the,  of  the,  with  the,  to  the,  at  the,  up  the,  if  a,  in  a, 

with  a,  at  a. 

18.  love   of  the   beautiful ;    subject  of  the  work ;    President  of  the 

House;  you  will  comply;  I  am  content;  has  commenced;  in 
the  committee ;  under  compulsion. 

19.  Day  by  day  ;  from  time  to  time ;  from  year  to  year.     "  They  also 

serve  who  only  stand  and  wait." 


449554 


38  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   VII. 

VOWELS   AND   VOWEL   POSITION. 

Vowels,  as  used  in  connection  with  the  consonant  outline,  are. 
either  initial,  or  medial,  or  terminal ;  but,  no  matter  in  what  position 
a  vowel  may  be  in,  it  is  best  in  this  system  to  use  the  alphabetic  vowel, 
when  the  same  is  very  pronounced  and  when  T  or  D  is  the  next  con- 
sonant, because  then  the  vowel  can  be  half-shortened,  and  the  con- 
sonant stroke  for  T  or  D  is  saved  thereby,  and  a  more  exact  definition 
of  the  sound  of  the  word  is  obtained.  This  is  illustrated  in  the  first 
five  forms  on  Plate  VII.,  line  i. 

Again,  when  a  word  ends  with  TER,  DER,  or  THER,  then  it  will 
often  be  convenient  to  employ  the  particular  vowel  strike  with  this 
hook  attached.  The  last  three  forms  on  Plate  VII.,  line  i,  show  this. 

Again,  sometimes  the  initial  vowel  may  be  indicated  with  advantage 
by  a  slight  dash  E  stroke.  The  second  form  in  each  case  of  the  first 
six  forms  on  line  2  show  this. 

Again,  when  the  next  consonant  is  K  or  G,  the  double  lengthening 
of  the  particular  horizontal  vowel  stroke  gives  the  vowel  preceding  the 
consonants.  Plate  VII.,  line  j,  shows  these  cases. 

Also,  when  the  word  begins  with  any  vowel  followed  by  L,  then 
the  L  hook  combination  will  be  used,  as  shown  in  Plate  V.  These  L 
hook  combinations  will  also  be  found  very  useful  wherever  it  is  desired 
to  emphasize  any  important  terminal  vowel.  See,  also,  Plate  V. 

Again,  when  a  vowel,  particularly  an  initial  vowel,  is  followed  by 
R,  then  the  alphabetic  form  for  AH  may  be  advantageously  used.  See 
the  last  five  forms  on  Plate  VII.,  line  2. 

In  some  instances,  however,  where  an  initial  vowel  occurs,  it  is 
advisable  to  use  a  full-length  alphabetic  vowel.  This  will  occur  in 
those  cases  in  which  the  present  phonographies,  notwithstanding  their 
use  of  position,  find  it  advisable  to  use  a  dot  or  a  marked  vowel.  There 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  39 

are  cases  where  without  a  marked  vowel  the  consonant  outline  is 
clearly  deficient,  such  as  in  the  words  island,  eyelid,  easy,  using,  etc. 
It  was  not  thought  necessary  to  show  these  in  the  plate. 

In  these  and  other  cases  which  occur  in  writing,  the  alphabetic 
vowels  may  he  advantageously  used. 

Lines  4  to  8.  Indication  of  Initial  Vowels,  But,  as  regards 
the  initial  vowel,  where  it  does  not  come  under  any  of  the  cases 
previously  mentioned,  and  where  the  consonant  outline  is  not  suf- 
ficient (which  in  very  many  cases  it  is),  and  where  it  is  particularly 
desired  to  indicate  that  there  is  an  initial  vowel,  this  is  done  by  writing 
the  consonant  outline  containing  the  initial  vowel  close  to  the  preceding 
outline,  as  shown  on  lines  4  to  8  ;  and  by  the  preceding  otttline  is  meant 
any  short-hand  mark  preceding,  even  though  it  be  only  a  dot  or  a  tick. 
And  here  it  is  to  be  noted  that  the  structure  of  our  language  is  such 
that  it  is  not  in  most  cases  necessary  to  indicate  the  exact  initial  vowel ; 
in  general  it  is  amply  sufficient  to  indicate  that  an  initial  vowel  belongs 
to  the  outline,  and  the  peculiar  formation  of  the  outline,  together  with 
the  context,  will  give  the  rest. 

When  the  word  is  the  first  on  the  line  of  writing,  this  may  be  done 
by  writing  close  to  or  striking  the  left-hand  margin,  thus  treating  the 
margin  as  a  preceding  outline,  and,  of  course,  in  doubtful  cases  a  short 
tick  E  stroke  may  be  prefixed. 

This  proximity  to  the  preceding  outline  is  also,  as  heretofore  in 
phonography,  used  to  indicate  of  or  of  the,  and  in  this  system,  when 
these  are  intended,  and  also  an  initial  vowel  for  the  following  word, 
.this  double  indication  is  made  by  striking  the  first  consonant  of  the 
second  outline  slightly  across,  or  overlapping  the  end  of  the  preceding 
outline.  See  Plate  VII.,  line  7. 

In  cases,  however,  where  this  might  prove  inconvenient,  as  when 
both  the  preceding  and  following  words  have  both  vertical  or  both 
horizontal  outlines,  it  would  be  better  to  indicate  the  initial  vowel  by 
the  short  dash  E  stroke. 

Line  8.  The  last  sentence  on  this  line  shows  that  the  initial  vowel 
in  a  word  is  also  indicated  just  as  well  by  writing  its  outline  in  juxta- 
position to  a  dot  or  a  tick  as  by  writing  it  close  to  any  other  word. 
This  sentence  is  given  in  order  to  show  this,  and  in  order  to  caution 
the  reader  accustomed  to  the  dot  vowels  used  in  the  present  phonogra- 


40  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 

phies,  not  to  mistake  the  dot  before  the  word  attention  for  a  vowel  dot. 
The  dot  stands  for  "the,"  and  "tendon"  being  written  close  to  the  dot 
shows  that  a  vowel  is  implied  before  it.  Thus,  the  whole  reads  the 
attention. 

This  mode  of  indicating  the  initial  vowel  by  proximity  is  a  great 
improvement  on  any  previously  adopted  in  phonography.  It  does  away 
with  any  necessity  of  vertical  position  for  many  words,  but  it  could 
only  be  adopted  in  a  system  like  this,  which  is  to  a  great  extent  inde- 
pendent of  vowel  position. 

In  the  case  of  words  of  only  one  consonant  having  an  initial  vowel, 
if  this  one  consonant  be  written  close  to  the  preceding  outline,  the  con- 
text always  easily  furnishes  the  clew  to  the  exact  vowel  required.  This 
affords  a  means  of  differentiating  a  large  number  of  word  signs. 

Lines  9  to  16.  Medial  and  Terminal  Vowels.  Where  these  do 
not  fall  under  the  cases  before  spoken  of,  in  which  the  alphabetic 
vowels  can  be  advantageously  employed,  and  where  it  is  thought 
necessary  that  these  vowels  should  be  indicated,  they  may  be  written 
in  by  vertical  vowel  position,  and,  as  the  amount  of  this  indication 
will  in  this  system  be  reduced  to  a  minimum,  a  ruled  line  for  it  will 
not  be  found  a  necessity,  as  in  other  phonographies :  merely  writing  a 
character  above  or  below  the  imaginary  line  will  be  sufficient  to  indi- 
cate its  position. 

The  positions  are  as  follows . 

First  position,  above  the  line,  A,  AH,  AW. 

Second  position,  on  the  line,  E,  I,  OI. 

Third  position,  through  the  line,  and  for  horizontal  strokes  under 
the  line,  O,  U,  OW,  OO. 

The  vowels  thus  indicated  are,  as  in  the  alphabet,  either  long  or 
short,  the  context  deciding  this  point  amply,  as  for  purposes  of  legi- 
bility it  is  only  necessary  to  provide  for  the  decisive  vowel  sounds. 

These  positions  will  be  easily  remembered,  as  they  are  in  the 
alphabetical  order,  thus: 

First,  A,  and  cognate  sounds. 

Second,  E,  I,  and  cognate  sounds. 

Third,  O,  U,  and  cognate  sounds. 

Terminal  Vowels.  These  can  either  be  indicated  by  vertical  posi- 
tion, as  in  line  ij,  or,  when  particularly  important,  should  be  written 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  4! 

by  the  alphabetical  strokes,  as  in  lines  14,  /j,  and  /6;  for  a  terminal 
vowel  stroke  can  be  written  with  a  swift  dash  much  more  easily  than 
an  initial  or  medial  vowel  stroke,  where  the  hand  has  to  be  brought  up 
suddenly  for  the  next  stroke ;  and  when  the  alphabet  vowel  strokes  are 
thus  used  they  may  be  reduced  to  the  shortest  possible  stroke,  as  in 
such  cases  the  half-shortening  of  the  terminal  vowel  will  never  be 
mistaken  for  an  added  T  or  D. 

The  frequent  terminal  Y  is  written,  when  deemed  necessary,  wilh 
a  short  dash  E  stroke.  See  the  third  and  fourth  examples  on  line  14. 

The  article  to  is  understood  by  writing  an  outline  quite  below  the 
line  of  writing.  See  the  last  three  examples  on  line  12. 

Line  17  shows  the  use  of  a  slanting  tick  for  the  joined  to  the  pre- 
ceding word,  and  written  either  upward  or  downward.  This  never 
begins  a  phrase. 

A  or  an  is  similarly  denoted  by  a  short  vertical  or  horizontal  tick. 

Line  18  shows  that  of  or  of  the  is  denoted  by  writing  the  words 
between  which  they  occur  close  together. 

Com  or  con  is  also  sometimes  denoted  by  writing  one  outline  near 
another. 

Line  19  shows  phrases  in  which  a  word  is  repeated  by  writing  the 
words  close  together  twice,  whereby  the  intermediate  article  is  under- 
stood. 

The  rest  of  line  19  is  filled  up  with  a  short  sentence  from  Milton, 
"  They  also  serve  who  only  stand  and  wait." 


42  NORMAL    PHONOGRAPHY. 

PLATE   VIII. 

,    a,    la,    la,    j  th     th     and   of  at  tQ 
an,  i  an,  J  an,  J 

P  —  up,  upon,  point,  play,  principle,   particular,    j^^    >  oppor- 
tunity, proof-ve. 

B  —  by,       \  member.     \ 

lie,       j-  but,  before,  been,  belief-ve,  able,  remember.  V 
to  be,  j  number.      J 


•  toward,  tell, 

to,  J  II  "'     J  """'   }  till, 

D — had,  I   ,.„.  •,.,   done,  1  had  not,  ">  doctor,  "I    .  n 

do,    }  dlfference'  dld>  down,  }  did  not,  }  during,  j  dollar" 


fK-can,     1  could    case,     |  di       ,      cannot     | 

came,  (  '  comes,  /  &   •"  account,  j 

called,        1  , 

difficult-y,}6^1'^16'  , 
o,  1     .  God,  1  8'lin>    I 

,   }  glve'n'  good,  }  a8ain'     great'  glad- 
.  gone,  J 

ir,  f 
^'  I 


I  G—  ago, 
go, 

I          /•  '     j-  for,  father,  for  their,  from,  fcom  their,  half,  phonography. 
(  V  —  have,  even,  very,    v  r^' 


!CH — which,  much,  each,  v  >as>  I  child,  chair,  cheers, 

which  is,     j 
T     i  i    gentleman,  "1 

J— large,  general,  |entlemen]  |  generation,  age. 

f™-?^'} thought,  third, 
j  think,  J 

'•  1  TH — they,  ">  than,  \  ,.       this,    "I  thus,   1  there,      ~)  thee,       \ 
them,  j  then,  J       ne>  those,  (  these,  J  through,  J  though,  J 
within,  thyself,  themselves. 


9-  M-am,    |         Xmatt       X  might>  ,  "an,  |          ]f        almost, 

™.ay«     me,  }  mother,  |  met,      }  men»      himself,  }  mos  > 
him,  J  '  mine,  j  must, 

impossible,  important-ce,  n  "   '    Vmay  not,"  "re'  I 
'  meant,  J        '          more.  / 


PLATE    VIII. 
'     .       »  "  N 


3- 1  L  1  i  f  f        /  I  i  J  j   1  f 

4    ///?,/  /V/V 


44  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


another,  1  nation,  1  in  his,   ) 

i,  >  no,  into,  now,  only,       . ,       '  >  .    r       '.        V  ,  V 

'    neither,  j  information,  /  knows,  j 


10.  N — in, 

on, 
no, 

known,  1  near, ) 

none,     }  nor,    }  name>  under' 

11.  NG — thing,  language,  nothing,  anything,  something. 


were, 
where, 


12.  R-are,  *       '    Use,       rent. 


.  raise,  1 

«,}rf?e' 

'  rose,  J 

13.  S — as,  has,  1  has  it,  "I 

is   his     i  was>  '    't      I  so'  saw>  us>  see>  sir>         '  stron&>  street- 

14.  SH— shall,  should,  wish,  sjline'    1  sure,  short. 

'  shown,  j 

,' ,    I w,  a  '   I  we,  one,  went,  world,  way,  away,  want,  why, 
would,  )  when,  J 

while,  whether. 

16.  Y — yes,  you,  beyond,  ye,  yet. 

17.  H— he,  head,  hand,  ^    ^    '  V  however. 

18.  E,  A — he,  aye,  it,  at,  any,  away,  other. 

19.  I,  OI— I,  either. 

20.  OW — how,  out,  out,  house,  whose,  who,  however,  however,  about, 

without. 

i     off,  )  use,  "I 

21.  O,  U — oh,       '  ,  vus,  own,  you,  V  yes  sir. 

'  you  have,  )  J        yes,  j  J 

.   here, ")  heart,  "I  were,    )  year,  1        , 
22    (  AH~arC>       '  hear,  }  heard,  }  where,  }  your,  }  ai 
(_  AW — or,    1  ought,  1  order. 

our,  /  word,  /  or  their. 

23.  AL — all,  also,  already,  although,  altogether,  albeit,  almost. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  45 


PLATE   VIII 

WORD   SIGNS. 

This  plate  shows  the  word  signs.  These  are  short  outlines  which 
stand  for  the  most  frequently  used  words  in  our  language.  Those  signs 
which  have  more  than  one  word  are  differentiated,  when  necessary,  by 
the  rule  of  positions,  shown  in  Plate  VII.  When  two  word  signs  fall 
in  the  same  position  by  this  rule,  the  most  frequently  used  word  should 
be  written  in  the  most  convenient  place. 

And  wherever  a  word  commences  with  a  vowel,  its  word  sign  can 
be  differentiated,  when  necessary,  from  other  word  signs  of  the  same 
outline  by  writing  it  close  to  the  preceding  word,  as  shown  in  Plate  VII. 

For  instance,  the  word  opportunity,  though  shown  in  Plate  VIII., 
line  2,  with  a  small  tick  attached,  would  often  in  practice  be  written 
close  to  the  preceding  word  and  the  tick  left  out,  thus  differentiating 
it  from  particular,  also  on  line  2. 

Again,  on  line  9,  the  second  outline  will  rarely  require  the  tick 
written  as  shown,  but  may,  me,  and  my  may  be  distinguished  by  ver- 
tical position,  and  am  and  him  by  writing  the  M  close  to  the  preceding 
word. 

This  rule  alone  distinguishes  numbers  of  word  signs  and  other  words 
which  cannot  be  distinguished  in  the  present  phonographies,  for  the 
vowel  position  used  in  them  does  not  indicate  whether  a  vowel  is 
initial,  medial,  or  terminal. 

Many  of  the  derivatives  of  the  word  all,  for  which  full  outlines  are 
given  in  Plate  V.,  may  be  condensed  in  this  way  by  treating  all  as  a 
vowel  and  writing  the  rest  of  the  outline  near  to  the  preceding  word. 
The  word  almost,  shown  on  Ptate  VIII.,  line  g,  can  be  distinguished 
from  most  and  must  in  this  way. 

All  these  points  it  was  not  convenient  nor,  indeed,  possible  to  show 
in  Plate  VIII. 

And,  of  course,  in  phraseography  no  account  will  be  taken  of  initial 
vowel  position  or  any  other  position  (except  sometimes  the  first  word 


46  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 

in  the  phrase)  any  more  than  is  so  done  in  the  present  phonographies, 
but  the  word  signs  will  be  joined  together,  and  the  peculiar  form  of 
the  phrase  and  the  sense  of  the  passage  will  always  give  the  words, 
this  system  being  in  this  matter  like  any  other  Pitmanic  style.  Its 
superiority  here,  though,  consists  in  this,  that  the  greater  differentiations 
of  outline  has  left  mostly  only  two  wotds  for  each  word  sign,  so  that 
if  it  is  not  one  which  is  intended,  then  it  must  be  the  other. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  word  sign  for  would,  given  in  the  first 
form,  Plate  VIH.,  line  /j,  is  changed  to  the  opposite  side  from  that 
given  in  most  of  the  present  phonographies.  This  is  clone  for  greater 
convenience  in  joining  this  verb  to  the  horizontal  vowels,  as,  other- 
wise, it  would  be  mistaken  for  a  terminal  hook  on  the  vowel :  and  be- 
cause "  would"  has  been  thus  reversed,  "  when"  (see  second  form,  line 
/j)  had  also  to  be  reversed  to  make  room  for  it. 

It  will  be  seen  that  some  few  of  the  word  signs  have  two  forms; 
sometimes  one  is  more  useful  in  certain  connections  than  the  other. 

The  last  form  on  line  18  is  used  as  a  word  sign  for  other ;  ether 
being  a  technical  word  which  rarely  occurs.  These  word  signs  should 
be  copied  by  the  student  in  columns,  with  the  word  opposite  each,  until 
he  has  thoroughly  committed  them  to  memory.  He  should  also  make 
a  list  of  contracted  words  suitable  to  his  peculiar  business,  either  legal, 
commercial  scientific,  or  any  other  technical  subjects. 


NORMAL    PHONOGRAPHY.  47 


PLATE    IX. 

1.  and  have,  and  the,  as  well  as,  could  not,  cannot,  had  not,  do  not, 

is  not,  was  not,  I  am,  I  do,  I  have. 

2.  I  will,  is  not,  it  is,  what  it  is,  it  is  not,  it  should  be,  I  was,  it  would 

be,  of  course,  should  be. 

3.  to  be,  to  do,  to  say,  to  go;  should  do,  so  that,  they  will,  that  is, 

this  is,  to  be,  we  are,  we  have  not. 

4.  we  have  seen,  which  cannot,  you  can,  you  cannot,  you  may,  you 

must,  you  must  not,  I  have,  1  have  not. 

5.  I  have  been,  I  have  not  been,  you  have,  you  have  seen,  , 

he  has  been,  who  was  it?  whose  was  it?  were  you?  were  you 
not? 

6.  were  you  not  interested  ?    were  you  in  the  house  ?   we  have,  he 

will,  he  will  have,  you  will,  you  will  be,  you  will  have,  I  will 
not. 

7.  we  will,  by  all,  to  all,  j   ]     '     v  he  can,  he  can  have,  you  cannot 

have. 

at  all    1 

8.  by  all,  '       ..',    v  for  all,  from  all,  shall  all,  which  will,  such  will, 

they  will;  they  are,  which  are;  in  our  circumstances;   on  our 
part. 

9.  said  to  have,  to  have,  can  have ;  they  have  had,  they  have  nothing; 

may  have  been  ;  will  have  been ;  some  one ;  their  own ;  more 
than ;  any  one. 

10.  Rather  than;  they  have  been;  but  not  now;  ought  not  to  be;  in 

some  cases;    in  some  respects;    in  expressing;    in  spirit;  less 
than ;  faster  than. 

11.  Up  there;  by  their ;  can  there  be;  go  their  way;  each  other;  any 

other;  all  other;  are  there  many? 


48  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 

12.  to  us;  from  us;  many  of  us;  let  us;  bring  us;  against  us;  before 

us ;  tells  us. 

fas  is,     is  as,    "j 

as  his,  is  his, 

13.  1  as  has,  his  as,  L  as  seen  ;  as  soon  as ;  as  said  ;  as  has  been ;  it  is 

has  as,  his  is, 
[  has  his, 

said  ;  does  seem ;  this  subject ;  witness-stand. 

14.  as  it;  is  it?  is  it  not?  is  it  his  intention?  does  it?  because  it  is; 

when  is  it  ?   as  there ;  is  there ;  does  there ;  against  there ;  be- 
cause they  are. 

15.  because  there  is;    amongst  their;    book-store,  grocery-store;   up- 

stairs, down-stairs ;  as  there  will  be ;  has  there  been  ? 

16.  for  their;  from  their;  have  there  been?  neither  one;  upon  their; 

down  their  ;  gave  their. 

17.  I  had;  it  had  been;  which  had  been;  she  had  not  had;  I  might 

have  had;  at  it;  above  it;  in  its;  which  ought  to  be-  they  are 
not. 

18.  We  are;  we  will;  we  may  have;  we  may  as  well ;  we  never;  we 

know  nothing;  with  me;  with  my  permission. 

Had  we  ?  1    .  twice,  )  -.  had  you  ?  )  ,   , 

19-  T\          ->     >  at  once,..  V  can  we?    ,      J    ,     >  can  you  ?  do  you 

*    Do  we  ?    /  'it  was,  /  do  you  ?    /         ' 

know  ?  do  you  mean  to  say  ?  do  you  mean  to  swear  ?  how  do 
you  know  ?  did  you  say  ?  had  you  seen  ?  can  you  come  ? 
'     I  These  lines  explain  themselves. 

22.  10,  100;  20,  200;  30,  300;  40,  400;  50,  500;  60,  600. 

23.  70,  700;  80,  800;  90,  900;   1540,  1886,  1888. 


9- 
10. 
ii. 

12. 

13- 
14. 

15- 

16. 

17- 

18. 
19. 

20. 
21. 

22. 
23- 
C 


PLATE    IX. 

V-<r"^    J  J  "  -«/^  )  — 

t-  ^  \o   e    L  L^^r  I    ^  -A 
-i  ^  O-  ^  G  A  *x  t^ 

OJ  i  ^^  ^a  ^-«^    1^»    ^-v. 

^r^t'^-T^v^ 

i_^2>  c~  c-\c-^^, 


49 


«, 


50  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   IX. 

PHRASEOGRAPHY. 

This  plate  shows  phraseography,  or  a  mode  of  joining  several  short 
words  into  a  phrase  without  lifting  the  pen. 

Lines  i  to  7  show  some  phrases  in  common  use.  The  last  three 
forms  on  line  i  show  that  the  pronoun  "  I"  at  the  commencement  of  a 
phrase  is  denoted  by  a  light  tick.  The  first  four  examples  in  line  j 
show  that  the  article  to  is  understood  by  writing  the  outline  before 
which  it  occurs  just  below  the  line  of  writing. 

Line  8  shows  the  L  hook  as  used  on  stems  to  represent  all  and  will, 
and  the  R  hook  as  representing  are,  or,  our,  were. 

Line  9  shows  the  F  and  V  hook  as  used  to  represent  have,  forth,  of. 
The  fourth  and  fifth  outlines  on  this  line  show  that  the  tion  hook  on  TH 
is  used  as  the  F  and  V  hook.  The  syllable  tion  never  occurs  after  the 
sound  of  TH  in  a  word ;  therefore,  the  large  tion  hook  is  utilized  on 
this  consonant  alone  to  represent  F  and  V. 

On  other  curves  a  long,  narrow  hook  is  used  to  represent  F  and  V. 
The  sixth  and  seventh  forms  on  line  g  show  this 

The  N  hook  is  used  to  represent  an,  been,  one,  own,  and  not.  The 
rest  of  line  g  shows  examples  of  the  N  hook. 

Line  10.  The  first  four  forms  on  this  line  are  also  examples  of  the 
N  hook  principle. 

The  N  curl  principle  is  used  for  in  when  followed  by  sm,  si,  spr,  or 
str.  The  next  three  forms  on  line  10  show  examples  of  this.  The 
last  two  forms  show  this  principle  as  sometimes  used  for  than. 

Line  II  shows  that  the  THR  hook  is  used  for  there,  their,  they 
are,  other. 

Line  12.     The  S  circle  principle  represents  is,  as,  his,  has,  us. 

Line  13.  The  SS  circle  represents  as  is,  as  his,  as  has,  has  as,  has 
his  in  the  first  position ;  and  in  the  second  position  is  as,  is  his,  his  as, 
his  is. 

Line  14.  The  ST  loop  represents  as  it,  is  it,  and  also  adds  it  to 
certain  words  ending  with  the  S  circle. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  51 


Line  15.  The  STR  loop  represents  as  there,  is  there,  and,  when 
affixed  to  stems,  there,  their,  they  are,  store,  stair. 

Line  16.  The  lengthening  principle  represents  their,  there,  other, 
they  are. 

Line  17.  The  halving  principle  represents  had  it,  ought,  would, 
and,  in  combination  with  N  hook,  NOT. 

Line  18.  The  brief  VV  principle  represents  we,  with,  what,  would, 
and  for  these  uses  the  small  half-circle  W  is  turned  whichever  way  is 
most  convenient  in  phtaseography. 

Line  19.  The  W  hook  principle  represents  we  and  the  Y  hook  you. 
Both  these  forms  are  most  useful  in  the  commencement  of  questions  in 
reporting  evidence. 

Lines  20  to  23  show  some  short-hand  numerals  which  I  published 
in  the  Phonographic  World,  New  York,  for  December,  1886.  They 
are  merely  the  Arabic  numerals  reduced  to  simplest  form  consistent 
with  legibility.  But  when  single  numbers  stand  alone  the  ordinary 
Arabic  characters  are  the  best.  Those  given  here  are  better  when  three 
or  more  figures  are  used,  for  then  they  are  not  mistaken  for  short-hand. 
Emphasis  is  marked  by  making  one  or  two  ticks  underneath  an  outline. 
Proper  names  are  always  marked  in  this  way. 


PLATES   X.   TO    XVI. 

Plates  X.  to  XVI.  show  specimens  of  Normal  Phonography  as 
written.  The  reader  will  please  notice  in  all  these  the  indication  of  the 
initial  vowel,  wherever  thought  necessary,  by  juxtaposition  of  the  out- 
line to  the  preceding  one,  and  also  the  occasional  use  of  vertical  vowel 
position,  although  no  ruled  line  is  shown,  all  that  is  necessary  for  the 
exceptional  use  of  position  in  this  system  being  an  imaginary  line. 

Plate  XL  can  be  compared  with  the  same  example  in  the  first  edi- 
tion, and  will  thus  show  the  great  improvements  made  in  this  edition. 

Plates  XV.  and  XVI.  are  copies  of  evidence  taken  from  the  page> 
of  the  Phonographic  World,  New  York,  by  the  kind  permission  of  Mr. 
E.  X.  Miner.  Plate  XV.  is  from  page  243,  August  number  (1887), 
and  Plate  XV J.  from  page  215,  June  number  (l{ 


52  NORMAL  PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   X. 

Matthew  vii.  verses  14-47. 

12.  Therefore  all  things  whatsoever  ye  would  that  men  should  do 
to  you,  do  ye  even  so  to  them :  for  this  is  the  law  and  the  prophets. 

13.  Enter  ye  in  at  the  strait  gate:  for  wide  is  the  gate,  and  broad 
is  the  way,  that  leadeth  to  destruction,  and  many  there  be  which  go  in 
thereat. 

14.  Because   strait   is   the   gate,  and    narrow  is   the   way,  which 
leadeth  unto  life,  and  few  there  be  that  find  it. 

-5-  Beware  of  false  prophets,  which  come  to  you  in  sheep's  clothing, 
but  inwardly  they  are  ravening  wolves. 

1 6.  Ye  shall  know  them  by  their  fruits.     Do  men  gather  grapes  of 
thorns,  or  figs  of  thistles  ? 

17.  Even  so  every  good  tree  bringeth  forth  good  fruit;  but  a  cor- 
rupt tree  bringeth  forth  evil  fruit. 

18.  A  good  tree  cannot  bring  forth  evil  fruit,  neither  can  a  corrupt 
tree  bring  forth  good  fruit. 

19.  Every  tree  that  bringeth  not  forth  good  fruit  is  hewn  down,  and 
cast  into  the  fire. 

20.  Wherefore  by  their  fruits  ye  shall  know  them. 

21.  Not  every  one  that  saith  unto  me,  Lord,  Lord,  shall  enter  into 
the  kingdom  of  heaven  ;  but  he  that  doeth  the  will  of  my  Father  which 
is  in  heaven. 

22.  Many  will  say  to  me  in  that  day,  Lord,  Lord,  have  we  not 
prophesied  in  thy  name?  and  in  thy  name  have  cast  out  devils?  and 
in  thy  name  done  many  wonderful  works  ? 

23.  And  then  will  I  profess  unto  them,  I  never  knew  you :  depart 
from  me,  ye  that  work  iniquity. 

24.  Therefore  whosoever  heareth  these  sayings  of  mine,  and  doeth 
them,  I  will  liken  him  unto  a  wise  man,  which  built  his  house  upon  a 
rock  : 

25.  And  the  rain  descended,  and  the  floods  came,  and  the  winds 
blew,  and  beat  upon  that  house ;   and  it  fell  not :   for  it  was  founded 
upon  a  rock. 

26.  And  every  one  that  heareth  these  sayings  of  mine,  and  doeth 
them  not,  shall  be  likened  unto  a  foolish  man,  which  built  his  house 
upon  the  sand  : 

27.  And  the  rain  descended,  and  the  floods  came,  and  the  winds 
blew,  and  beat  upon  that  house ;  and  it  fell :  and  great  was  the  fall  of  it. 


54  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 

PLATE    XI. 

REPORTING   AS   A   MENTAL    EXERCISE. 

If  we  consider  the  mechanical  operations  which  are  carried  on  during 
the  act  of  taking  down  a  speaker's  words  in  short-hand,  we  shall  not  he 
surprised  that  long  and  diligent  practice  is  needed  for  the  acquisition 
of  the  art  of  verbatim  repoiting:  our  wonder  will  rather  be  that  still 
greater  labor  and  skill  are  not  necessary  to  the  carrying  on  of  a  process 
so  rapid  and  yet  so  complicated. 

Let  us  suppose  that  a  speaker  commences  his  address.  He  utters  a 
few  words  slowly  and  deliberately;  they  fall  on  the  reporter's  ear,  and 
are  thence  communicated  to  the  brain  as  the  organ  of  the  mind ;  the 
writer  must  then  call  to  his  memory  the  sign  (or  each  word  he  has 
heard ;  the  proper  symbol  being  present  to  his  mind,  a  communication 
is  made  from  the  brain  to  the  ringers,  which,  obedient  to  a  cerebral 
impulse  and  trained,  perhaps,  to  the  nicest  accuracy  of  delineation, 
rapidly  trace  the  mystic  lines  on  the  paper.  Some  portion  of  time  is, 
of  course,  required  after  the  words  have  been  spoken  for  each  of  these 
operations  to  be  performed ;  yet,  see !  the  writer  appears  to  stop  pre- 
cisely at  the  same  time  as  the  speaker.  The  orator  continues  his 
deliberate  utterances,  and  the  writer  is  able  to  stenograph  each  word 
before  the  next  is  articulated.  Now,  however,  the  speaker  warms  with 
his  subject,  and  changes  his  measured  pace  for  one  more  rapid ;  the 
writer  increases  his  speed  accordingly,  and,  notwithstanding  the  many 
operaiions  at  work  in  his  mind,  scarcely  is  the  last  word  of  the  sentence 
uttered  before  he  lifts  his  pen  from  the  paper,  as  if  for  a  moment's  rest, 
not  a  syllable  having  escaped  him. 

This  surely  is  a  laborious  ta>-k ;  still  more  so  that  which  follows. 
The  speaker  has  finished  his  exordium,  is  in  the  midst  of  his  discourse, 
and  has  begun  his  flights  of  oratory.  Listen  to  his  next  sentence.  He 
begins  in  a  low  tone  and  with  measured  pace ;  after  a  few  words  he 
makes  a  sudden  pause,  and  then,  as  if  inspired  by  a  sudden  influx  of 
thoughts  and  fearful  lest  they  should  escape  before  he  can  give  them 
utterance,  he  dashes  along  with  an  impetuosity  which  is  never  dimin- 
ished till  he  is  out  of  breath  with  exertion.  In  this  rapid  delivery  he 
has  gained  ground  to  the  extent  of  six  or  eight  words  on  the  writer, 
whom,  it  may  be,  he  has  taken  by  surprise.  The  latter  has  had  to 
listen  to  the  words  which  were  in  advance  of  him,  recall  the  proper 
sign  for  each,  send  it  from  the  brain  to  the  fingers,  and  trace  it  on  his 
note-book,  while  at  the  same  time  he  has  had  to  attend  to  the  words 
which  follow,  so  as  to  be  able  to  dispose  of  them  in  the  same  way  when 
their  turn  arrives.  In  this  manner  his  mental  and  bodily  powers  are 
occupied  for  an  hour,  or  perhaps  many  hours  together.  As  a  mental 
exercise,  then,  reporting  may  be  regarded  as  of  great  utility. — THOMAS 
ALLEN  REED. 


PLATE   XI. 

1  ^^  V  Ax  !  '  -rL^  ,  '  ^  _ 

x  %>  c  ^  '  £  V.  o  ^  v^'U/v- 
"^<J<-^  ^r^^\^o_r^-^.  _^-^-'^'Vo 
jL  x^» '  <•  ^<L-  x  ^~\  *  ^— ^o  °l>  x  /^^-j  .  (^ 


<^ 
^ 


/* 


v 


7*1" 


\ 


^  V, 

V-    x 


V  _ 


U 


\  X  >  . 


(T 


OA 

\J> 

\^^_^X    ^ 
a  y   v 


'-N 


r-^V 


X 

55 


56  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 

PLATE   XII. 

INTRODUCTION   TO   SECOND   EDITION. 

The  first  edition  of  Normal  Phonography  was  so  kindly  mentioned 
by  several  leading  educational  journals  that  I  have  been  emboldened 
to  labor  further  on  the  same  lines. 

The  phonographic  critics  allowed  the  great  legibility  of  the  system, 
but  pointed  out  that  this  was  attained  at  the  expense  of  brevity.  I  was 
bound  to  acknowledge  the  justice  of  this  criticism,  and,  after  having 
spent  the  last  two  years  in  the  endeavor  to  remove  this  defect,  I  now 
confidently  offer  this  edition  to  the  public  as  the  result  of  my  labors, 
and  I  venture  to  claim  that  it  contains  not  only  the  solution,  but  the 
only  practical  solution  of  the  problem  which  now  occupies  and  has 
for  so  long  occupied  the  attention  of  the  stenographic  world  both  in 
America  and  in  England, — namely,  "  How  to  secure  an  adequate  vowel 
representation  without  the  loss  of  brevity." 

The  great  improvements  which  I  now  introduce  into  this  edition 
have  rendered  the  system  as  now  presented  amply  sufficient  for  all 
reporting  purposes.  It  can  now  be  written  as  briefly  as  any  existing 
phonography;  it  is  far  more  easy  of  acquisition  than  any  of  them. 
And  in  the  attainment  of  these  ends  its  legibility,  in  which  it  confessedly 
stands  at  the  head  of  any  other  system,  has  not  been  sacrificed. 

I  do  not  much  believe  that  any  style  of  phonography  can  be  thor- 
oughly acquired  by  text-books  alone,  without  the  aid  of  competent 
tenchers;  and  any  teacher  who  may  get  this  book  will  easily  be  able 
to  seize  the  scope  and  meaning  of  it  without  further  explanation.  But 
to  novices  in  phonography  it  is  necessary  to  explain  that  the  stroke 
vowels  given  in  the  alphabet  are  NOT  to  be  inserted  promiscuously  in 
the  consonant  outline.  Such  a  course  would  make  a  phonetic  writing 
of  a  certain  kind,  but  it  could  never  be  called  a  practical  phonography. 

Indeed,  for  this  reason,  all  attempts  at  connective  vowel  systems 
which  shall  undertake  to  insert  every  sounding  vowel  in  a  consonant 
outline,  and  yet  be  brief  enough  for  the  reporting  of  the  present  day, 
are  something  like  those  for  the  discovery  of  perpetual  motion,  or  the 
search  of  the  ancient  alchemists  after  the  philosopher's  stone  or  the 
elixir  of  life,  in  this,  that  the  main  premises  being  in  themselves  con- 
tradictory the  achievement  on  these  lines  was  impossible.  In  short, 
they  have  been  attempts  to  reconcile  length  with  brevity. 

The  essence  of  all  phonography  is  OUTLINE,  and  more  particularly 
CONSONANT  OUTLINE.  Therefore  the  only  legitimate  use  of  the  vowel 
strokes  in  this  system  is  to  give  an  increased  variety  of  outline  for  those 
words  in  which  the  consonant  outline  alone  is  not  the  best  or  the  briefest. 

Context  is,  of  course,  common  to  all  systems  of  short-hand ; 
but  setting  this  aside,  there  are  in  the  reporting  phonographies 


C 


\ 


/C-<9 


O 


t/ 


<o 


PLATE    XII. 


.1 
J 


e 


N 


c'" 


C, 


f     , 


58  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE   XIII. 

at  present  in  use  two  means  of  verbal  identification:  one  is  outline 
and  the  other  is  the  position  of  said  outline  with  respect  to  the  line  of 
writing. 

Now,  since  the  essence  of  phonography  is  outline,  if,  therefore,  we 
can  supply  greater  variations  in  outline,  we  can  render  the  excessive 
observation  of  vowel  position  superfluous  and  we  can  reduce  it  to  a 
minimum,  so  much  so  that  for  the  very  exceptional  use  of  position 
required  in  this  system  a  ruled  line,  though  perhaps  a  convenience,  is 
by  no  means  a  necessity. 

And  from  experiments  which  I  have  made  I  am  satisfied  that  this 
reduction  of  position  to  a  minimum  is  a  great  desideratum,  for,  in 
addition  to  length  of  outlines,  the  distance  travelled  by  the  point  of  the 
pen  in  passing  from  one  outline  to  another  is  an  item  that,  however 
small  it  may  appear,  still  must  be  deducted  from  speed  of  writing,  for, 
whether  a  mark  be  made  on  the  paper  or  not,  some  portion  of  time 
must  be  consumed  in  getting  from  one  outline  to  the  next,  and  hence 
the  advantage  of  phraseography. 

\Vhoever  wishes  to  test  this  effect  of  positional  writing  should  write 
the  same  matter  in  two  lines  of  phonography,  one  above  the  other,  and 
so  that  the  same  word  in  the  bottom  line  always  stands  directly  under 
the  same  word  in  the  top  line,  the  one  line  being  written  with  position 
and  the  other  without ;  and  let  him  afterwards  make  a  dotted  line  of 
the  path  of  the  pen  point,  from  the  bottom  of  one  outline  to  the  top 
of  the  next,  right  through  to  the  end  of  the  line  of  writing  in  each 
case;  then  let  him  make  this  dotted  line  in  each  case  black  and  thick, 
and  he  will  see  how  much  more  zigzag  and,  consequently,  longer  this 
line  is  where  position  is  much  used  than  in  the  other  case. 

The  defect  in  outline  in  the  present  phonographies  is  thus  in  this 
system  supplied  by  a  judicious  and  discriminate  use  of  the  vowel  strokes, 
which  introduce  a  new  and  varied  collection  of  forms  into  the  phono- 
graphic field,  thus,  of  course,  as  before  said,  greatly  promoting  legibility 
without  the  sacrifice  of  brevity. 

Hence,  by  the  exercise  of  judgment  and  discrimination,  and 
making  due  allowance  for  the  slight  alphabetic  differences,  any 
phonographic  teacher  desiring  to  use  this  system  can  still  utilize 
his  present  text-books  and  dictionaries  to  aid  in  the  formation  of 
outline,  and  all  the  present  principles  of  contraction  and  phrase- 
ography  will  be  applied  precisely  in  the  same  manner  in  this 
system  as  in  any  other  Pitmanic  style.  And  on  examination  of  the 
principles  contained  in  this  book  he  will  easily  see  that  all  that  a 


60  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE    XIV. 

system  which  combines  such  a  wealth  and  simplicity  of  outline  needs 
to  become  popular  is  a  more  extensive  development  of  outline  for  the 
various  words  in  the  language,  such  as  every  other  phonography  now 
in  use  has  already  received,  and,  therefore,  that  the  proper  use  of  this 
book  is  to  indicate  the  main  lines  upon  which  such  a  development  must 
proceed. 

And  here  I  would  briefly  refer  to  another  matter.  There  are  those 
who  speak  wiih  contempt  of  what  they  are  pleased  to  call  "  one-book 
systems."  Are  such  persons  prepared  to  assert  that  phonography  has 
attained  all  the  perfection  of  which  it  is  capable  ?  If  the  present  pho- 
nographies are  so  completely  adequate  to  all  practical  needs,  then  what 
is  the  meaning  of  these  attempts  to  devise  new  systems  involving 
increased  vowel  representation  both  in  the  Old  World  and  the  New? 
Nor  will  it  do  to  say  that  these  are  made  by  theorists  and  visionaries. 
On  the  contrary,  many  of  them  are  made  by  professional  and  practical 
stenographers,  and  the  greater  number  by  Pitmanic  phonographers  of 
various  styles,  who  practically  know  and  feel  the  unsatisfactory  condi- 
tion of  vowel  indication  in  the  present  systems. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  the  present  phonographies  are  not  perfect, 
how  are  improvements  to  be  brought  before  the  public  except  through 
the  medium  of  one  book  to  commence  with  ?  Such  persons  need  not 
be  afraid,  for  they  may  depend  upon  it  that  if  a  first  book  finds  favor 
in  phonographic  circles,  others  will  not  be  slow  to  follow  it.  It  is  a 
new  thing  in  these  United  States  and  in  this  age  to  hear  a  complaint 
of  a  paucity  of  books.  Unprejudiced  observers  would  be  apt  to  think 
the  cause  for  complaint  lay  in  the  opposite  direction. 

And  it  matters  nothing  to  the  argument  that  the  prevalent  systems 
of  phonography  do  turn  out  numbers  of  competent  phonographers. 
Paganini,  we  are  told,  could  play  the  violin  exquisitely  on  one  string, 
yet  even  he  could  perform  better  with  four  strings.  For  however  much 
justice  a  teacher  can  do  to  a  number  of  his  pupils  with  the  present  sys- 
tems, if  he  finds  that  he  can  do  more  justice  and  to  a  greater  number 
by  the  adoption  of  another  system  of  phonography,  then  he  will  adopt 
it,  and  I  assert  that  this  system  will  achieve  this  result,  not  only  as 
regards  the  number  of  successful  pupils,  but  also  as  regards  the  time 
of  acquisition  of  reporting  facilities,  and  I  am  sure  that  any  teacher 
who  will  fairly  test  this  system  will  find  this  to  be  the  case.  It  is  true 
that  phonographers  are  slow  to  adopt  innovations.  But  innovation  is 
one  thing  and  improvement  is  another,  and,  as  every  one  knows,  those 
whose  business  it  is  to  teach  phonography  are  always  alive  to  every- 
thing in  the  nature  of  real  solid  advance  and  improvement  in  the  art. 


PLATE    XIV. 


V  5  si 


*\  ^  v- 

V^1 

?  „ 


V 


^4 


c  U 


i  ^c- 

4  /  ^  \  <x  -  (^_  v 


V 


c    ^ 


^  -  *  * 


yo"^'^ 


61 


62  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE    XV. 

How  often  have  you  been  to  your  father's  house  ? 

Probably  two  or  three  times  a  week. 

Did  you  know  Mr.  Staats  very  well  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

Had  you  known  him  ever  since  you  can  remember  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

Did  you  meet  him  while  he  was  at  your  father's  house  ?  At  what 
time  ?  At  any  time  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

How  long  did  he  remain  there,  from  1876? 

Yes;  he  remained  there  until  1883,  I  think  it  was. 

About  what  time  in  1883? 

It  was  either  the  last  of  February  or  the  first  of  March.  I  am  not 
positive  just  the  day. 

Then  you  understood  he  came  to  Binghamton  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

You  didn't  see  him  here  ? 

No,  sir;  I  didn't. 

Did  you  see  him  again  in  June? 

Yes,  sir;  I  saw  him  the  last  day  he  came  up. 

You  mean  the  last  of  the  two  days  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

Was  it  the  day  Mr.  Deyo  was  there  or  the  day  before  ? 


PLATE    XV. 


^s 

r~* 
r^  ^ 


\j.»- 


^  76     . 
f  83 


^n 


S 


\ 


-t 


•I   ^/N 


3        /    \ 
C.     /      \  - 


I   ' 


r. 


:V 


N  C 


\> 


T 


.O 


Lx 


\ 


\ 


v 

N 


03 


64  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 

I  saw  him  the  day  Mr.  Deyo  was  with  him,  and  I  saw  him,  too,  the 
day  that  he  came  up  alone. 

Then  you  saw  him  on  both  of  these  occasions  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

Did  you  also  see  him When  did  he  come  back  to  your  house 

after  that  ? 

Do  you  mean  before  he  died, — the  year  before  he  died  ? 

Yes. 

I  am  not  positive  whether  it  was  the  latter  part  of  May  or  the  first 
day  of  June.  It  was  somewheres  in  that  vicinity. 

Did  you  see  him  often  during  the  time  he  was  there  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

How  often  ? 

Perhaps  once  in  two  or  three  days. 

Now,  when  he  came  up  there  the  time  in  June,  before  Mr.  Deyo 
was  with  him,  did  you  talk  with  him  ? 

No,  sir ;  I  did  not.  I  came  to  my  father's  just  as  he  was  getting 
up  from  the  dinner-table,  and  I  just  shook  hands  with  him,  and  he 
took  his  hat  and  went  out.  My  brother  was  waiting  for  him  at  the 
time. 

Which  brother  ? 

My  brother  George. 

He  came  back  to  Binghamton  with  him? 

Yes,  sir. 

When  he  came  up  again  Mr.  Deyo  was  with  him  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

How  long  afterwards  was  that  ? 

It  must  have  been  nearly  a  year. 

He  died  a  year  after  that  ? 

Yes.  No,  sir;  it  was  not,  either;  it  was  just  a  few  days  after  that. 
I  meant  the  last  time  that  he  came  up  to  stay. 


NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY.  65 

I  asked  when  he  came  up  with  Mr.  Deyo.     You  recall  that  ? 
Yes,  sir ;  it  was  in  the  latter  part  of  June ;  I  think  the  26th  or  27th  ; 
somewheres  near  that  time. 

Did  they  stop  at  your  house  ? 

Yes,  sir. 

Did  you  talk  with  your  grandfather  that  day? 

No,  sir,  I  didn't ;  only  to  shake  hands  with  him. 

You  talked  with  him  some,  didn't  you? 

That  is  all. 


66  NORMAL   PHONOGRAPHY. 


PLATE    XVI. 

Q.  How  do  they  all  stand  ? 

Dr.  L is  a  very  reputable  man,  sir.  Mr.  S is  a  man  not 

of  much  note,  but,  I  think,  regarded  as  a  reputable  man.  I  know- 
nothing  against  Mr.  B . 

Q.  Have  you  had  anything  to  do  with  colored  people  in  the  course 
of  your  legal  practice  here  ? 

Yes,  sir;  I  have  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  them. 

Q.  Have  you  also  owned  them,  or  been  brought  in  contact  with 
them  to  a  considerable  extent  ? 

I  owned  some,  sir,  and  I  have  been  raised  up  with  negroes. 

Q.  What  sort  of  a  memory  do  they  possess  in  general  in  regard 
to  minor  matters  as  compared  with  the  whites? 

In  some  respects  their  memories  are  more  accurate  than  the  whites, 
because  their  range  of  thought  is  not  so  extensive  and  their  habits  not 
the  same,  and  small  matters  or  matters  of  less  concern  seem  to  fix  them- 
selves in  their  minds,  and  be  retained  by  them  with  more  distinctness 
than  by  the  whites,  I  think.  As,  for  instance,  the  making  of  a  visit,  or 
a  circumstance  occurring  on  a  holiday,  or  an  accident,  or  the  appear- 
ance of  a  location  with  which  they  have  been  familiar.  Such  things 
are  not  as  readily  dissipated  from  their  minds,  or  not  as  commonly 
dissipated  from  their  minds,  as  from  the  whites,  for  the  reasons  I  have 
given. 

Q.  Do  you  know,  or  are  you  able  to  judge  from  what  you  have 
seen  or  remember  of  this  old  gardener's  place,  whether  or  not  he  was  a 
man  of  any  mechanical  ingenuity  ? 

No,  sir;  I  could  state  nothing  of  that  sort.  I  do  not  recollect  ever 
to  have  spoken  to  him. 

Cross-examination  by  Mr.  Coburn. 

Objection. 

Q.  Have  you  not  found  that  it  is  much  easier  to  get  testimony  as  lo 
details  and  minor  matters  from  the  colored  people,  by  presenting  them 
with  some  special  consideration  and  getting  them  to  recollect  it,  than  it 
is  with  white  people? 

The  result  of  my  experience  with  them  as  witnesses  is  to  this  effect : 
A  dream  may  become  with  them  a  conscious  reality.  A  rumor,  a  report, 
a  statement  made  in  the  family  circle  by  those  in  whom  they  have  con- 
fidence in  the  lapse  of  time  will  become  a  matter  of  knowledge  with 
them,  and  they  will  testify  to  it  as  if  they  saw  it  themselves.  That  is 
about  as  good  an  answer  as  I  can  give  to  your  question.  I  believe  that 
meets  your  idea. 

Q.  Yes ;  that  was  the  idea. 


r-    |    >  t 

\~T  V  C  s£  * 


PLATE    XVI. 

r    r 


(i   a*  V_o    C 


<f    "  C 


oL  ^v 


VP 


\  c->  -y*   x  v  A 

t  O-^-   /  «ky^  ! 

C  c«^\,  ' 

%     C 


t    '    J    S    '    •     ^    •   ^  - 
^  ^-\ 

«  '   1       ' 

C  j>  I  6  . 

67 


ADDENDA. 

SINCE  the  publication  of  these  plates  the  author  recommends  the 
following  Addenda  to  the  system,  which  now  brings  it  to  completion. 
Readers  of  this  will  please  refer  to  the  places  indicated  in  the  book. 

The  dot  H,  shown  on  Alphabet  page  and  on  Plate  II.,  line  16,  is 
to  be  abandoned,  and  the  tick  H  will  now  be  used  in  almost  all  cases, 
in  accordance  with  the  following  rule  : 

RULE.  —  Whenever  tick  H  does  not  join  well,  then  (no  matter 
whether  the  -word  consists  of  one  stroke  or  more},  strike  it  through 
the  character  which  it  immediately  precedes. 

In  this  way  the  words  on  Plate  II.,  line  16,  and  others  will  now 
be  as  follows  : 

Hack,     hen,     hung,    Homer,    hate,     inherit,    inhale,    inhuman, 

/        w^        <f-s          c~f^          •*•  ~ 

unhorse,     unwholesome,     unhealthy. 

" 


In  Phraseography  only  it  is  recommended  to  use  the  vertical  thick- 
ened tick  for  "  he,"  as  is  done  in  many  of  the  present  systems,  thus  : 

P       as  he,  or  is  he  ?  6      as  he  is,  ^     that  he, 

i-  —  .         that  he  may,  ^—  ^        if  he  is,       -  P      was  he  ? 

and  so  on. 

WM   AND   WN,    ETC. 

Plate  III.,  line  17.  The  second  form  on  this  line  is  to  read  MR, 
instead  of  MPR. 

M  and  N  thickened,  and  with  an  initial  hook,  are  to  read  MR  and 
NR. 

M  and  N  thin  strokes,  with  an  initial  hook,  will  in  future  be  read 
WM  and  WN,  in  analogy  to  WL,  WR,  etc.,  thus: 

c-\       MR,     «~x     NR,      <^~^    WM,     <J_x    WN. 

The  reader  will  please  be  good  enough  to  consider  these  forms  as 
substituted  in  all  the  plates  and  specimen  writings  of  this  work  for  the 

awkward  forms      ^^\    WM,        tr       WN,  which  are  given  in  it. 

69 


70  ADDENDA. 


DETACHED    VOWEL    MARKS. 
(See  Plate  III.,  line  7.) 

These  mny  occasionally,  though  not  often,  be  used  with  advantage, 
particularly  in  cases  of  double-length  consonants,  where  a  vowel  indi- 
cation is  sometimes  desirable,  but  they  will  be  found  most  useful  in 
cases  of  concurring  vowels.  w 

For  these,  two  modes  of  indication  may  be  adopted.  The  first  mode 
is  to  let  it  be  understood  that  the  use  of  a  detached  vowel  mark  (observe 
vowel,  not  diphthong,  mark)  -always  shows  concurring  vowels,  and  let 
the  most  sounding  vowel  of  the  two  be  the  one  written  by  the  detached 
vowel  mark,  when  the  nature  of  the  outline  will  always  show  what 
the  other  ought  to  be. 

The  other  mode  is  to  write  the  first  of  the  two  vowels  with  the 
stroke  vowel,  and  then  add  the  proper  vowel  mark  of  those  given  on 
Plate  III.,  line  7. 

In  this  case  the  vowel  mark  is  to  be  read  directly  after  the  stroke 
vowel.  In  some  cases,  however,  it  is  more  convenient  to  make  the 
vowel  mark  represent  the  first  vowel  and  the  stroke  vowel  the  second. 

Examples  (of  the  second  mode  only)  : 

Chaos,     poet,     lion,     Deity,     laity,     Louis,      boa,      iota,     Elias, 

Noah,     poem,     duel,     Messiah,     diamond,     payee. 

V^"\  V  I  /^>^  I  \ 

•    i     V^   d_L         vi        -4^>          N-r- 

Sometimes  they  can  be  written  by  only  one  stroke  vowel,  thus : 
Vowel,     royal,     towel,     Messiah,     quiet. 


The  last  word  is  well  distinguished  from  "quite,"  which  is  a  word- 
sign  (see  Plate  VIII.,  line  4). 


.B.  —  With  the  introduction  of  the  above  rule  for  tick  H,  and  the  applica- 
tion of  the  small  semicircles  for  W,  as  shown  above  to  M  and  N,  it  will  be  found  that 
the  characters  given  in  the  alphabet  for  W  and  Y  and  H  will  almost  wholly  disappear 
from  the  writing,  as  it  will  be  found  in  practice  that  in  only  a  few  words  will  their  use 
be  rendered  necessary. 


FURTHER  EXAMPLES  OF  PHRA8EOGRAPHY. 


These  are  given  as  exemplifying  some  general  principles  applicable 
to  phraseography  in  tliis  system  on  which  the  writer  can  construct  his 
own  phrases. 

*—=>  contracted  to      f     I  have, 


I  have  seen, 
^  I  have  had, 

<z/       or  , — =>    you  have, 
/iP—T,  you  have  seen, 

and  so  on. 

Examples  of  halving  principle  applied  to  connective  vowel  strokes. 

•*-  I'd  or  I  would, 

he  had, 

i-  you  had, 

r-  how  would, 

LA —  I'd  say  or  I  would  say, 

^«»-  I'd  said  or  I  had  said, 

•"V  you  had  been, 

,.t\   a  you  had  seen. 

~\  he  had  been, 

•ty  I  had  been, 

-/*\  so  it  will  be, 

°\  as  I  had  been, 
etc. 


UNIVERSITY  at  CALI*  OK*^ 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 
LIBRARY 


0. 

awns* 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


0  1959. 


FormL9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 


Z56 


B24n  BaVlow  - 
H  1889  Normal 

phonography, 


L 


Z56 

B24n 

1889 


i  m 


